1. Tensile testing Structural Properties –Load –Deformation –Stiffness –Ultimate load –Ultimate elongation –These properties are dependent on cross- sectional area and length of specimen Mechanical Properties –Strain energy density –Modulus –Ultimate strain –These properties are independent of CSA and length (i.e. same no matter what geometry is tested

2. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

3. Freeze clamps Also called cyrojaws. Use liquid N2 to freeze Must maintain freeze line

4. VDA Video extensometer Local strains

5. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

7. Strain rates Avulsion versus mid-substance- –Some theorize that these effects are due to strain rate, but REALLY depends on Age.

8. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

9. Mature versus immature, but then look at mature versus OLD

10. Age Puberty-adult see an increase in ult. Load Open epiphysis-avulsion Closed epiphysis (skeletally mature)- midsubstance Old-usually avulsion Stiffness decreases with age Ultimate load decreases with age –-see plot

11. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

12. Temperature Increase temp-decrease stiffness Race horses Tennis shoes

13. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

14. Waterbath

16. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization

18. How do we properly store a specimen for transplantation? –Freezing effects?? –Irradiation?? Disease transmission

19. Pre-tension on graft

20. Influences on testing Gripping (freeze clamps) Strain Rate Age Temperature Hydration Immobilization Exercise