1. Control Charts for Attributes
Introduction
Data that can be classified into one of several categories or classifications is known as attribute data.
Classifications such as conforming and nonconforming are commonly used in quality control.
Another example of attributes data is the count of defects.
Control Charts for Attributes

2. Type of Attributes Control Chart
Control Chart for Fraction Nonconforming — p chart
Control Chart for Nonconforming — np chart
Control Chart for Nonconformities — c chart
Control Chart for Nonconformities per unit — u chart
Control Charts for Attributes

3. Control Charts for Fraction Nonconforming
Fraction nonconforming is the ratio of the number of nonconforming items in a population to the total number of items in that population.
Control charts for fraction nonconforming are based on the binomial distribution.
Control Charts for Attributes

4. The characteristic of binomial distribution
1. All trials are independent.
2. Each outcome is either a “success” or “failure”.
3. The probability of success on any trial is given as p. The probability of a failure is
1-p.
4. The probability of a success is constant.
Control Charts for Attributes

5. The Binomial distribution
The binomial distribution with parameters n  0 and 0 < p < 1, is given by
The mean and variance of the binomial distribution are
Control Charts for Attributes

6. Development of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart1
Assume
n = number of units of product selected at random.
D = number of nonconforming units from the sample
p= probability of selecting a nonconforming unit from the sample.
Then:
Control Charts for Attributes

7. Development of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart2
The sample fraction nonconforming is given as
where is a random variable with mean and variance
Control Charts for Attributes

8. Development of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart3
Standard Given
If a standard value of p is given, then the control limits for the fraction nonconforming are
Control Charts for Attributes

9. Development of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart4
No Standard Given
If no standard value of p is given, then the control limits for the fraction nonconforming are
where
Control Charts for Attributes

10. Development of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart5
Trial Control Limits
Control limits that are based on a preliminary set of data can often be referred to as trial control limits.
The quality characteristic is plotted against the trial limits, if any points plot out of control, assignable causes should be investigated and points removed.
With removal of the points, the limits are then recalculated.
Control Charts for Attributes

11. Control Charts for Attributes
Example1
A process that produces bearing housings is investigated. Ten samples of size 100 are selected.
Is this process operating in statistical control?
Sample # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
#Nonconf
Control Charts for Attributes

12. Control Charts for Attributes
Example2
n = 100, m = 10
Control Charts for Attributes

13. Control Charts for Attributes
Example3
Control Limits are:
Control Charts for Attributes

14. Control Charts for Attributes
Example4 S a m p l e N u b r 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 . P o t i n C h f = L -
Control Charts for Attributes

15. Design of the Fraction Nonconforming Control Chart
Sample size
Frequency of sampling
Width of the control limits
Control Charts for Attributes

16. Sample size of fraction nonconforming control chart
If p is very small, we should choose n sufficiently large so that we have a high probability of finding at least one nonconforming unit in the sample.
Otherwise, we might find that the control limits are such that the presence of only one nonconforming unit in the sample would indicate an out-of control condition.
Control Charts for Attributes

17. Sample size of fraction nonconforming control chart1
Choose the sample size n so that the probability of finding at least one nonconforming unit per sample is at least γ.
Control Charts for Attributes

18. Control Charts for Attributes
Example1
If P=0.01, n=8, then UCL=0.1155
If there is one nonconforming unit in the sample, then p=1/8=0.1250, and we can conclude that the process is out of control.
Control Charts for Attributes

19. Control Charts for Attributes
Example2
Suppose we want the probability of at least one nonconforming unit in the sample to be at least 0.95.
Control Charts for Attributes

20. Sample size of fraction nonconforming control chart2
The sample size can be determined so that a shift of some specified amount,  can be detected with a stated level of probability (50% chance of detection, Duncan, 1986). If  is the magnitude of a process shift, then n must satisfy:
Therefore,
Control Charts for Attributes

21. Control Charts for Attributes
Example
Suppose that p=0.01, and we want the probability of detecting a shift to p=0.05 to be 0.50.
Control Charts for Attributes

22. Sample size of fraction nonconforming control chart3
Positive Lower Control Limit
The sample size n, can be chosen so that the lower control limit would be nonzero:
and
Control Charts for Attributes

23. Control Charts for Attributes
Example
If p=0.05 and three-sigma limits are used, the sample size must be
Control Charts for Attributes

24. Width of the control limits
Three-sigma control limits are usually employed on the control chart for fraction nonconforming.
Narrower control limits would make the control chart more sensitive to small shifts in p but at the expense of more frequent “false alarms.”
Control Charts for Attributes

25. Interpretation of p Chart
Care must be exercised in interpreting points that plot below the lower control limit.
They often do not indicate a real improvement in process quality.
They are frequently caused by errors in the inspection process or improperly calibrated test and inspection equipment.
Inspectors deliberately passed nonconforming units or reported fictitious data.
Control Charts for Attributes

26. Control Charts for Attributes
The np control chart
The actual number of nonconforming can also be charted. Let n = sample size, p = proportion of nonconforming. The control limits are:
(if a standard, p, is not given, use )
Control Charts for Attributes

27. Control Charts for Attributes
Variable Sample Size1
In some applications of the control chart for the fraction nonconforming, the sample is a 100% inspection of the process output over some period of time.
Since different numbers of units could be produced in each period, the control chart would then have a variable sample size.
Control Charts for Attributes

28. Three Approaches for Control Charts with Variable Sample Size
1.Variable Width Control Limits
2.Control Limits Based on Average Sample Size
3.Standardized Control Chart
Control Charts for Attributes

29. P Charts with Variable Sample Size — Example
Week
Total Requests
Second Visit Required 1
200 6 2
250 8 3 9 4 5
150
Control Charts for Attributes

30. Variable Width Control Limits
Determine control limits for each individual sample that are based on the specific sample size.
The upper and lower control limits are
Control Charts for Attributes

31. Control Charts for Attributes

32. Control Limits Based on an Average Sample Size
Control charts based on the average sample size results in an approximate set of control limits.
The average sample size is given by
The upper and lower control limits are
Control Charts for Attributes

33. Control Charts for Attributes

34. Control Charts for Attributes
平均管制界限與個別不良率之分析1
點落在管制界限內，其樣本大小，小於平均樣本大小時
不須計算個別管制界限，該點在管制狀態內。
點落在管制界限內，其樣本大小，大於平均樣本大小時
計算個別管制界限，再對該點樣本進行判斷。
Control Charts for Attributes

35. Control Charts for Attributes
平均管制界限與個別不良率之分析2
點落在管制界限外，其樣本大小，大於平均樣本大小時
不須計算個別管制界限，該點在管制狀態外。
點落在管制界限外，其樣本大小，小於平均樣本大小時
計算個別管制界限，再對該點樣本進行判斷。
Control Charts for Attributes

36. The Standardized Control Chart
The points plotted are in terms of standard deviation units. The standardized control chart has the follow properties:
Centerline at 0
UCL = LCL = -3
The points plotted are given by:
Control Charts for Attributes

37. Control Charts for Attributes

38. Control Charts for Nonconformities (Defects)1
There are many instances where an item will contain nonconformities but the item itself is not classified as nonconforming.
It is often important to construct control charts for the total number of nonconformities or the average number of nonconformities for a given “area of opportunity”. The inspection unit must be the same for each unit.
Control Charts for Attributes

39. Control Charts for Nonconformities (Defects)2
Poisson Distribution
The number of nonconformities in a given area can be modeled by the Poisson distribution. Let c be the parameter for a Poisson distribution, then the mean and variance of the Poisson distribution are equal to the value c.
The probability of obtaining x nonconformities on a single inspection unit, when the average number of nonconformities is some constant, c, is found using:
Control Charts for Attributes

40. Control Charts for Attributes
c-chart
Standard Given:
No Standard Given:
Control Charts for Attributes

41. Choice of Sample Size: The u Chart
If we find c total nonconformities in a sample of n inspection units, then the average number of nonconformities per inspection unit is u = c/n.
The control limits for the average number of nonconformities is
Control Charts for Attributes

42. Three Approaches for Control Charts with Variable Sample Size
Variable Width Control Limits
Control Limits Based on Average Sample Size
Standardized Control Chart
Control Charts for Attributes

43. Variable Width Control Limits
Determine control limits for each individual sample that are based on the specific sample size.
The upper and lower control limits are
Control Charts for Attributes

44. Control Limits Based on an Average Sample Size
Control charts based on the average sample size results in an approximate set of control limits.
The average sample size is given by
The upper and lower control limits are
Control Charts for Attributes

45. The Standardized Control Chart
The points plotted are in terms of standard deviation units. The standardized control chart has the follow properties:
Centerline at 0
UCL = LCL = -3
The points plotted are given by:
Control Charts for Attributes

46. Control Charts for Attributes
Demerit Systems1
When many different types of nonconformities or defects can occur, we may need some system for classifying nonconformities or defects according to severity; or to weigh various types of defects in some reasonable manner.
Control Charts for Attributes

47. Control Charts for Attributes
Demerit Schemes2
Control Charts for Attributes

48. Control Charts for Attributes
Demerit Schemes3
Let ciA, ciB, ciC, and ciD represent the number of units in each of the four classes.
The following weights are fairly popular in practice:
Class A-100, Class B - 50, Class C – 10, Class D - 1
di = 100ciA + 50ciB + 10ciC + ciD
di - the number of demerits in an inspection unit
Control Charts for Attributes

49. Demerit Systems—Control Chart Development1
Number of demerits per unit:
where n = number of inspection units
D =
Control Charts for Attributes

50. Demerit Systems—Control Chart Development2
where
and
Control Charts for Attributes

51. Dealing with Low-Defect Levels1
When defect levels or count rates in a process become very low, say under 1000 occurrences per million, then there are long periods of time between the occurrence of a nonconforming unit.
Zero defects occur
Control charts (u and c) with statistic consistently plotting at zero are uninformative.
Control Charts for Attributes

52. Dealing with Low-Defect Levels2
Chart the time between successive occurrences of the counts – or time between events control charts.
If defects or counts occur according to a Poisson distribution, then the time between counts occur according to an exponential distribution.
Control Charts for Attributes

53. Dealing with Low-Defect Levels3
Exponential distribution is skewed.
Corresponding control chart very asymmetric.
One possible solution is to transform the exponential random variable to a Weibull random variable using x = y1/3.6 (where y is an exponential random variable) – this Weibull distribution is well-approximated by a normal.
Construct a control chart on x assuming that x follows a normal distribution.
See Example 6-6, page 304.
Control Charts for Attributes

54. Dealing with Low-Defect Levels4
Data transformation: defect (Poisson distribution) → time between event (Exponential distribution) → x=y1/3.6=y → X bar – MR control chart
Control Charts for Attributes

55. Choice Between Attributes and Variables Control Charts
Each has its own advantages and disadvantages
Attributes data is easy to collect and several characteristics may be collected per unit.
Variables data can be more informative since specific information about the process mean and variance is obtained directly.
Variables control charts provide an indication of impending trouble (corrective action may be taken before any defectives are produced).
Attributes control charts will not react unless the process has already changed (more nonconforming items may be produced).
Control Charts for Attributes

56. Guidelines for Implementing Control Charts
Determine which process characteristics to control.
Determine where the charts should be implemented in the process.
Choose the proper type of control chart.
Take action to improve processes as the result of SPC/control chart analysis.
Select data-collection systems and computer software.
Control Charts for Attributes

57. Control Charts for Attributes

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60. Control Charts for Attributes

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62. Control Charts for Attributes