1. Expansion of tandem gene clusters Gene duplication by unequal crossing-over Divergence of coding and regulatory sequences

2. Evolution of HOX clusters

3. The homeobox is a highly conserved DNA-binding domain Drosophila Amphioxus Mouse Human Chick Frog Fugu Zebrafish HOX4 homeodomain

4. Evolution of HOX clusters in vertebrates Mouse Fugu Zebrafish - Vertebrates have multiple HOX clusters - Paralogous HOX genes may have partly redundant functions - Some genes and clusters become specialized for distinct functions - Different lineages lose some genes and acquire new functions for others

5. Using gene replacement to test HOX gene function

7. Functionally equivalent HOX paralogs

8. HOX gene labial required for tritocerebral commissure

9. Genetic rescue strategy lab-Gal4lab ; lab-Gal4 / UAS - lab - red = HRP; green = Lab

10. Other HOX genes can partially substitute for lab

12. Distinct roles of Ubx and abd-A in the midgut dpp expression in the fly midgut is activated by Ubx, but repressed by abd-A Activation and repression are mediated by the same binding sites within a dpp enhancer

13. Onychophoran Ubx causes homeotic transformations in Drosophila

14. Onychophoran Ubx can regulate some Drosophila target genes dSRF dpp

15. Onychophoran Ubx cannot fully substitute for Drosophila Ubx

16. Chimeric Ubx proteins

17. Mapping the functional specificity of Onychophoran Ubx

18. Functional specificity of Ubx maps outside the homeodomain

19. Conservation and change in Ubx proteins

20. Mapping the functional specificity of Ubx proteins

21. Functional comparison of Drosophila and Artemia Ubx

22. Evolution of a new repression domain

23. Non-HOX functions of derived HOX genes

24. Maternal gradient of bicoid establishes Anterior- Posterior axis in the Drosophila embryo

25. bicoid gradient formation in Drosophila

26. zen functions in Dorso-Ventral patterning sna sog zen

27. zen is a derived HOX gene

28. HOX-like expression of zen homologue in Cupiennius

29. Evolution of zen and bcd from an ancestral HOX gene

30. Genetic control of segmentation in Drosophila

31. Antennae ftz deletion does not affect segmentation in Tribolium

32. HOX-like expression of the Chelicerate ftz homologue Archegozetes longisetosus

33. Effects of ectopic ftz expression in Drosophila Dm Sg en expression 36% 4%

34. A homeodomain-deficient ftz allele

35. ftz expression in Schistocerca

36. Tc-ftz Sg-ftz Dm-ftz Tc-ftz Dll-Gal4 Homeotic antenna to leg transformations

37. Tribolium ftz retains homeotic potential wtDm-ftz Tc-ftz Dm-Scr wtDm-ftz Tc-ftz Dm-Antp

38. Evolution of ftz function

39. Comparison of ftz proteins between Drosophila and Schistocerca

40. Expression and function of ftz-F1 ftz-F1 ftz enftz-F1 mutant

41. ftz-F1 encodes a nuclear hormone receptor

42. Physical interaction between ftz and ftz-F1

43. Transcriptional activation by ftz / ftz-F1 complex In yeastIn Drosophila embryos

44. Novel functions of divergent HOX genes

45. Loss and gain of protein-protein interaction motifs