1. Infinitive Formation ActivePassive Perfect Perfect Stem + -isse 4 th Princ Part + esse Present 2 nd Principal Part 2 nd PP minus ‘e’ or ‘ere’ (3 rd conj) + i Future Future Act Partic + esse Rare: Fut Act Partic + iri

2. Infinitive Forms of Amo, amare, amavi, amatum ActivePassive Perfectamavisseamatum/am/os/as/a esse Present amareamari Future amaturum/am /os/as/a esse amaturum/am/os/as/a iri

3. Infinitive Forms of duco, ducere, duxi, ductum ActivePassive Perfectduxisseductum/am/os/as/a esse Present ducereduci Future ducturum/am/ os/as/a esse ducturum/am/os/as/a iri

4. Indirect Statement The speaker/writer reports to the reader or listener what he, she, or a character heard someone say, what they saw, thought, felt, believed, knew, hoped, promised, or otherwise perceived. The speaker / author puts these perceptions into their own words instead of quoting what they heard directly.

5. Verbs of Perception or feeling 1. audio 2. sentio 3. video 4. nosco 5. cognosco 6. dico 7. scio 8. puto 11. nuntio 12. spero 13. nego 14. minor 13. polliceor 14. existimo 15. arbitror etc.

6. How to translate the Accusative/Infinitive in Indirect Discourse 1. Trojanos pervenire audivit. S/he heard that the Trojans were arriving. ‘Trojanos’ is the Accusative SUBJECT of an indirect statement. You should almost always try to get a ‘THAT’ into your translation of an indirect statement.

7. Infinitives Express Relative Time Perfect Infinitives happened before the main verb. Present Infinitives happen at the same time as the main verb. Future Infinitives happen subsequent the main verb.

9. Participles Express Relative Time Perfect Participles happened before the main verb. Present Participles happen at the same time as the main verb. Future Participles happen subsequent the main verb.

10. Types of Participles Tense ActivePassive Perfectxxx verbs like locutus are active only in meaning actus, acta, actum Present agens, agentis xxx Future acturus, actura, acturumagendus, agenda, agendum

11. Translations of Participles Tense ActivePassive Perfect xxxx having verbed having been verbed Presentverbing xxxxx Future going to verbgoing to be verbed