1. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory David A. Kosower International School of Theoretical Physics, Parma, September 10-15, 2006 Lecture I

2. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Tools for Computing Amplitudes Focus on gauge theories …but they are useful for gravity too Motivations and connections – Particle physics – N =4 supersymmetric gauge theories and AdS/CFT – Witten’s twistor string

3. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Particle Physics Why do we compute in field theory? Why do we do hard computations? What quantities should we compute in field theory? The LHC is coming, the LHC is coming! Now 450 to 600 days away…

4. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006

9. CDF event

10. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 CMS Higgs event simulation

11. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 D0 event

12. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 SU(3)  SU(2)  U(1) Standard Model Known physics, and background to new physics Hunting for new physics beyond the Standard Model Discovery of new physics Compare measurements to predictions — need to calculate signals Expect to confront backgrounds Backgrounds are large

13. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Guenther Dissertori (Jan ’04)

14. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Hunting for New Physics Yesterday’s new physics is tomorrow’s background To measure new physics, need to understand backgrounds in detail Heavy particles decaying into SM or invisible states – Often high-multiplicity events – Low multiplicity signals overwhelmed by SM: Higgs → → 2 jets Predicting backgrounds requires precision calculations of known Standard Model physics

15. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Complexity is due to QCD Perturbative QCD: Gluons & quarks → gluons & quarks Real world: Hadrons → hadrons with hard physics described by pQCD Hadrons → jetsnarrow nearly collimated streams of hadrons

16. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Jets Defined by an experimental resolution parameter – invariant mass in e + e − – cone algorithm in hadron colliders: cone size in and minimum E T – k T algorithm: essentially by a relative transverse momentum CDF (Lefevre 2004) 1374 GeV

17. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are different — Yogi Berra

18. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 QCD-Improved Parton Model

19. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 The Challenge Everything at a hadron collider (signals, backgrounds, luminosity measurement) involves QCD Strong coupling is not small:  s (M Z )  0.12 and running is important  events have high multiplicity of hard clusters (jets)  each jet has a high multiplicity of hadrons  higher-order perturbative corrections are important Processes can involve multiple scales: p T (W) & M W  need resummation of logarithms Confinement introduces further issues of mapping partons to hadrons, but for suitably-averaged quantities (infrared-safe) avoiding small E scales, this is not a problem (power corrections)

20. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Approaches General parton-level fixed-order calculations – Numerical jet programs: general observables – Systematic to higher order/high multiplicity in perturbation theory – Parton-level, approximate jet algorithm; match detector events only statistically Parton showers – General observables – Leading- or next-to-leading logs only, approximate for higher order/high multiplicity – Can hadronize & look at detector response event-by-event Semi-analytic calculations/resummations – Specific observable, for high-value targets – Checks on general fixed-order calculations

21. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Precision Perturbative QCD Predictions of signals, signals+jets Predictions of backgrounds Measurement of luminosity Measurement of fundamental parameters (  s, m t ) Measurement of electroweak parameters Extraction of parton distributions — ingredients in any theoretical prediction Everything at a hadron collider involves QCD

22. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Leading-Order, Next-to-Leading Order LO: Basic shapes of distributions but: no quantitative prediction — large scale dependence missing sensitivity to jet structure & energy flow NLO: First quantitative prediction improved scale dependence — inclusion of virtual corrections basic approximation to jet structure — jet = 2 partons NNLO: Precision predictions small scale dependence better correspondence to experimental jet algorithms understanding of theoretical uncertainties Anastasiou, Dixon, Melnikov, & Petriello

23. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 What Contributions Do We Need? Short-distance matrix elements to 2-jet production at leading order: tree level

24. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Short-distance matrix elements to 2-jet production at next-to- leading order: tree level + one loop + real emission 2

25. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Matrix element Integrate Real-Emission Singularities

26. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Physical quantities are finite Depend on resolution parameter Finiteness thanks to combination of Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem and factorization

27. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Scattering Scattering matrix element Decompose it Invariant matrix element M Differential cross section

28. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Lorentz-invariant phase-space measure Compute invariant matrix element by crossing

29. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Lagrangian

30. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Feynman Rules Propagator (like QED) Three-gluon vertex (unlike QED) Four-gluon vertex (unlike QED)

31. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 From the Faddeev–Popov functional determinant anticommuting scalars or ghosts Propagator coupling to gauge bosons

32. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 So What’s Wrong with Feynman Diagrams? Huge number of diagrams in calculations of interest But answers often turn out to be very simple Vertices and propagators involve gauge-variant off-shell states Each diagram is not gauge invariant — huge cancellations of gauge-noninvariant, redundant, parts in the sum over diagrams Simple results should have a simple derivation — attr to Feynman Want approach in terms of physical states only

33. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Light-Cone Gauge Only physical (transverse) degrees of freedom propagate physical projector — two degrees of freedom

34. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Color Decomposition Standard Feynman rules  function of momenta, polarization vectors , and color indices Color structure is predictable. Use representation to represent each term as a product of traces, and the Fierz identity

35. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 To unwind traces Leads to tree-level representation in terms of single traces Color-ordered amplitude — function of momenta & polarizations alone; not not Bose symmetric

36. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Symmetry properties Cyclic symmetry Reflection identity Parity flips helicities Decoupling equation

37. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Color-Ordered Feynman Rules

38. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Amplitudes Functions of momenta k, polarization vectors  for gluons; momenta k, spinor wavefunctions u for fermions Gauge invariance implies this is a redundant representation:   k: A = 0

39. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Spinor Helicity Spinor wavefunctions Introduce spinor products Explicit representation where

40. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 We then obtain the explicit formulæ otherwise so that the identity always holds

41. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Introduce four-component representation corresponding to  matrices in order to define spinor strings

42. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Properties of the Spinor Product Antisymmetry Gordon identity Charge conjugation Fierz identity Projector representation Schouten identity

43. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Spinor-Helicity Representation for Gluons Gauge bosons also have only ± physical polarizations Elegant — and covariant — generalization of circular polarization Xu, Zhang, Chang (1984) reference momentum q Transverse Normalized

44. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 What is the significance of q?

45. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Properties of the Spinor-Helicity Basis Physical-state projector Simplifications

46. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Examples By explicit calculation (or other arguments), every term in the gluon tree-level amplitude has at least one factor of Look at four-point amplitude Recall three-point color-ordered vertex

47. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 Calculate choose identical reference momenta for all legs  all vanish  amplitude vanishes Calculate choose reference momenta 4,1,1,1  all vanish  amplitude vanishes Calculate choose reference momenta 3,3,2,2  only nonvanishing is  only s 12 channel contributes

48. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006

49. No diagrammatic calculation required for the last helicity amplitude, Obtain it from the decoupling identity

50. On-Shell Methods in Field Theory, Parma, September 10–15, 2006 These forms hold more generally, for larger numbers of external legs: Parke-Taylor equations Mangano, Xu, Parke (1986) Proven using the Berends–Giele recurrence relations Maximally helicity-violating or ‘MHV’