2. U RBAN PGRADING

3. Characteristics of Stressed Communities Lack of basic services Insecure or unclear tenure of land Low household incomes Dependence upon informal work opportunities

4. Urban Upgrading As A Response Objectives Improve overall conditions Safeguard from displacement Encourage self-rehabilitation Stimulate small business expansion Ensure affordability

5. Factors to Consider Scale of the problem Severity of conditions Tenure Community participation Institutional framework Financial structure Urban Upgrading As A Response

6. Types of Upgrading Programs Community Infrastructure Lot titling Comprehensive Upgrading

7. Community Infrastructure Simple and rapid Poor environmental conditions poor, secure tenure Cost less per capita Benefits per household low Financed by municipal taxes and user charges Comprises of physical improvements such as footpaths, sanitation, water supply, drainage

8. Lot Titling Minimal infrastructure Fairly good environmental conditions, insecure tenure Establishes secure of tenure On-plot services such as wells and sanitation provided by individual household Low public investment

9. Comprehensive Upgrading Combines community infrastructure and lot titling Poor environmental conditions, insecure tenure Greater administrative requirements and community involvement Costly but benefits per household great Include individual service connections

10. National Upgrading Programs require guidelines for assessing the positive and negative impacts of projects on the natural resource base.

11. Properly planned and implemented upgrading at local and national levels can improve depressed communities, stimulate residents to improve their own homes, and make the community an integral part of the urban fabric. U RBAN PGRADING