1. End Spreading Sifting might spread signal into quiescent region

2. Earthquake : Elcentro

3. Earthquake Elcentro IMF: CE(100,3)

4. Earthquake Elcentro EIMF (3,0.1,50)

5. Orthogonality Indices IMF OI ij 0.1982 0.0412 0.0336 0.0534 0.2453 0.0557 0.1723 OI total -0.4986 EIMF OI ij 0.0395 0.0862 0.0570 0.0423 0.0819 0.1682 0.1522 0.0246 0.2225 OI total 0.0606

6. End spreading This is an annoying problem, for to have some thing before the sensors were turned on is nonsensical. But EMD has the tendency to spread the signal through the sifting processes. End spreading causes deterioration in the resulting IMF components. EEMD solved the problem to a large extend.

7. Noised Aided Data Analysis II Although EEMD alleviates the end spreading considerably, there are still cases that signal spreading needs to be contained.

8. Noise Aided Data Analysis II In EEMD, the finite magnitude noise is added once in each of the ensemble. The true solution is obtained as the limit of having the number in the ensemble approaching infinite. In NADAII, the infinitesimal magnitude noises is added repeatedly for each IMF extraction.

9. Delta Function Noised Aided Data Analysis II

10. Delta Function : Data

11. The Procedure Perform EEMD and select the first EIMF component as the 1st component in the RIMF (Recombined IMF) Take the residue and adding noise with amplitude 1/1000 as the data for the first round re-processing to produce EIMF1. Take the 1st EIMF component from EIMF1 as the second component in the RIMF. Take the residue and adding noise with amplitude 1/1000 as the data for the second round re-processing EIMF2. (repeat the processes) …….

12. Delta Function : EIMF(3,0.1,10)

13. Spreading of the signal The widths of the IMF signals become increasingly wide. The spreading increasingly wide into the quiescent region as shown in th eprevious figure.

14. Delta Function : IMF1(3,0.1,10)

15. Delta Function : IMF2(3,0.1,10)

16. Delta Function : IMF3(3,0.1,10)

17. The Re-combined IMF So far a manual operation.

18. Delta Function : RIMF

19. Delta Function : RIMF(1) = EIMF(1)

20. Delta Function : RIMF(2) = EIMF1(1)

21. Delta Function : RIMF(3) = EIMF2(1)

22. Delta Function : RIMF(4) = residue

24. RIMF RIMF is a combination of all the individual EIMFi, for i=1,2,3,… The spread of each of the component is limited by the added noise. As a result, the spread is controlled; the result is more local.