1. A New Look at an Old Challenge: Whither Diversity in STEM? Shirley M. Malcom

2. Whither Diversity in STEM? Challenges to diversity efforts University responses

3. Whither Diversity in STEM? What problems was affirmative action developed to address?

4. Whither Diversity in STEM? The Early Years: Context for Discussion 1896Plessy vs. Ferguson 1944GI Bill 1954Brown vs. Board of Education 1957Sputnik 1958NDEA 1964Civil Rights Act 1965Executive Order 11246 – Affirmative Action 1967Amendment to cover gender discrimination

5. Whither Diversity in STEM? Milestones in Science, Mathematics, & Engineering Participation, 1972 - Present Pre-1970sPost-Great Society 1972-79Pre-Bakke: Targeting/Individuals 1980-87Pipeline: Program Effectiveness (pre-evaluation) 1988-94Demographics/Institutions (MSIs) 1995-2003Accountability: Systemic Change (post-GPRA evaluation) 2004  Post-Michigan: Post-Affirmative Action?

6. Whither Diversity in STEM? 1972-79 Targeting/Individual Focus 1972Creation of NIH MBRS/MARC 1973National data disaggregated by race/ethnicity 1974NACME founded 1975AAAS The Double Bind 1976AAAS Programs in Science for Minorities 1978Bakke decision NSF Minority Graduate Fellowship and RCSE established

7. Whither Diversity in STEM? 1980-87 Pipeline: Program Effectiveness (pre-evaluation) 1980EEO at NSF/creation of CEOSE (congressional mandate) 1981Dept of ED Harris Fellowship (terminated in 1997) 1982NSF Women & Minorities (biennially) 1983NSB Educating Americans for 21 st C 1984AAAS Equity & Excellence 1986OTA Demographic Trends and the S&E Workforce

8. Whither Diversity in STEM? 1988-94 Demographics/Institutions 1988OTA Grade School to Grad School 1989Task Force on Women & Minorities 1990AAMC Project 3000 x 2000 1991AAAS Investing in Human Potential 1991OTA Federally Funded Research 1993OSTP/FCCSET Federal Investment in SMET Education 1994Medical school minority enrollment peak

9. Whither Diversity in STEM? 1995-2003 Systemic Change (post-GPRA evaluation) 1995Adarand decision AAAS The Changing Climate 1996Proposition 209 (CA) Hopwood (TX) Presidential Mentoring Awards (annual) 1998AAAS Losing Ground NSF Minority Graduate Fellowship discontinued 1999NSF merit review criteria revised OSTP/NSTC Workforce of the Future 2000Morella Commission Land of Plenty 2001BEST created 2003Michigan decisions

10. Whither Diversity in STEM? 2004  Post-Michigan: Post Affirmative Action? Search for race surrogates Access/admissions criteria (% plans, legacies, holistic) Institutional leadership/Institution-wide programs (e.g., NSF ADVANCE) Cultural competence (class configuration, curriculum) Selective institutions re “critical mass” Faculty diversity State budgets (special impact on 2-yr institutions) Mainstreaming programs & targeting (K-12 standards movement; role of minority-focused orgs) Globalization & international workforce Political will

11. Whither Diversity in STEM? 2006 Proposal 2 Educational value of diversity (admissions and hiring) Structural transformation Culture of STEM disciplines “Human nature” Preparation for a diverse workplace Seattle & Jefferson County, KY Overcoming the effect of residential patterns Preserving local control of schools? Educational value of diversity Addressing opportunity to learn

12. Whither Diversity in STEM? Education: Does it matter where you get it? Resources Social networks Assumed competence (or incompetence) Added credentialing Prestige Workers and leaders

13. Whither Diversity in STEM? Employment Access and opportunity “Tokens” or critical mass Advancement

14. Whither Diversity in STEM? “Why ‘push’ women and minorities into STEM fields when there aren’t jobs there?”

15. Whither Diversity in STEM? Is there a “shortage” of minority and/or women scientists and engineers?

16. Whither Diversity in STEM? Mainstreaming and targeting The case of the NSF Graduate Fellows Program

17. Whither Diversity in STEM? Graduate Research Fellowship

18. Whither Diversity in STEM? Lessons Learned Climate Outreach Recruitment practices Selection practices and selection bias Perceptions of fairness Reflecting what you value Who decides?

19. Whither Diversity in STEM? What did Michigan decisions address, and what did they not address?

20. Whither Diversity in STEM?

21. Legal Primer Federal Equal Opportunity Standards Titles VI, VII, IX, & ADA Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses Significant Federal Legal Opinions Grutter & Gratz, Bakke, & Adarand State-Based Equal Opportunity Standards CA, WA, FL, TX, MI Ongoing Federal Efforts SEEOA, NSF Criterion II, EEO Standards

22. Whither Diversity in STEM? Design principles Mission Intent Target population Program character Context Evaluation and research Faculty recruitment and retention Leadership

23. Whither Diversity in STEM? Compliance What is permitted and legally defensible on campus How do the following apply to programs: Strict scrutiny Compelling interest Narrow tailoring Race-neutral alternatives Critical mass

24. Whither Diversity in STEM? Needs Data on impact of “percentage plans” (access) and interventions (aimed at degree completion) How to conduct searches legally and effectively to diversify the faculty and administration Developing “cultural competence” among current faculty, staff, and students How to mainstream and institutionalize “special” (soft-money) programs Nurturing U.S. student talent in the face of globalization

25. Whither Diversity in STEM? "There are no great men, only great challenges that ordinary men are forced by circumstances to meet.“ William F. Halsey

26. Whither Diversity in STEM? Michigan Challenges Hiring and retention of faculty Presenting a welcoming climate Diversity as a core value Increasing understanding of biases and barriers Nurturing STEM talent Monitoring and evaluating efforts Changing policies Continuous improvement Optimism in the face of circumstances