1. Ralf Juengling Portland State University The Structuring of Systems using Upcalls David D. Clark, “The Structuring of Systems using Upcalls”, Proc. of the 10 th Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp. 171-180, 1985.

2. Layers When you bake a big cake or write a big program, you will probably do it in layers

3. Layers as one way of abstracting When writing big code you need abstractions to be able to… Think about your code Communicate your code to others Test your code Adapt your code later to changed requirements For many applications layered abstractions are natural Protocol stacks Compilers Database management Scientific computing applications Operating systems

4. Flow of control in layered code Clients XYZ Library (stateless) May have any number of concurrent threads if code is reentrant

5. Additional requirements in OS kernel code Handle device interrupts timely Support dynamic updating of modules (e.g., device drivers) but don’t compromise safety Solutions: Have interrupt handlers communicate with devices and let other code communicate with interrupt handlers asynchronously (buffers, messages) Contain modules in own address spaces Use IPC to let different modules communicate across protection boundaries

6. In kernel code… …we have: 1.Abstraction boundaries 2.Protection boundaries 3.Downward control flow 4.Upward control flow … communication between layers is more costly because: Control flow across protection boundaries (RPC, messages,…) Upward control flow across abstraction boundaries (buffers)

7. Flow of control in kernel code Note: Layers have state Need to synchronize shared data Call across layers crosses protection boundary Upward data flow is asynchronous (buffers) For some layers there is a dedicated task (pipeline) Downward control flow may be asynchronous or synchronous

8. In kernel code… … communication between layers is more costly because: Control flow across protection boundaries Upward control flow across abstraction boundaries Clark’s solution: Let upward flow control proceed synchronously with upcalls Get rid of protection boundaries

9. Upcalls Idea: Leave “blanks” in lower-level code Let higher level code “fill in the blanks” in form of handlers In functional programming this technique is used every day, in OO programming every other day. Other terms: Handler function, Callback function, Virtual method Does using upcalls abolish abstraction boundaries?

10. Flow of control in kernel code It looks a bit more like layered library code Procedure calls instead of IPC Plus Upcalls But we can’t do completely without buffering

11. Protocol package example net-open net-receive net-dispatch transport-open transport-receive transport-get-port display-start display-receive transport-receive is a handler for net-receive display-receive is a handler for transport-receive a handler gets registered by an xxx-open call wakeup create-task

12. Protocol package example net-open net-receive net-dispatch transport-open transport-receive transport-get-port display-start display-receive display-start(): local-port = transport-open(display-receive) end transport-open(receive-handler): local-port = net-open(transport-receive) handler-array(local-port) = receive-handler return local-port end net-open(receive-handler): port = generate-uid() handler-array(port) = receive-handler task-array(port) = create-task(net-receive, port) return port end

13. Protocol package example net-open net-receive net-dispatch transport-open transport-receive transport-get-port display-start display-receive transport-get-port(packet): // determine whose packet this is extract port from packet return port end net-dispatch(): read packet from device restart device port = transport-get-port(packet) put packet on per port queue task-id = task-array(port) wakeup-task(task-id) end

14. Protocol package example net-open net-receive net-dispatch transport-open transport-receive transport-get-port display-start display-receive transport-get-port(packet): // determine whose packet this is extract port from packet return port end net-dispatch(): read packet from device restart device port = transport-get-port(packet) put packet on per port queue task-id = task-array(port) wakeup-task(task-id) end not quite clean

15. Protocol package example net-open net-receive net-dispatch transport-open transport-receive transport-get-port display-start display-receive display-receive(char): write char to display end transport-receive(packet, port): handler = handler-array(port) validate packet header for each char in packet: handler(char) end net-receive(port): handler = handle-array(port) do forever remove packet from per port queue handler(packet, port) block() end end

16. Full protocol package example

17. What if an upcall fails? This must not leave any shared data inconsistent! Two things need to be recovered: 1.The task 2.The per-client data in each layer/module Solution: Cleanly separate shared state from per-client data Have a per-layer cleanup procedure and arrange for the system to call it in case of a failure Unlock everything before an upcall

18. May upcalled code call down? This is a source of potential, subtle bugs: Indirect recursive call may change state unexpectedly Some solutions: 1.Check state after an upcall (ugly) 2.Don’t allow a handler to downcall (simple & easy) 3.Have upcalled procedure trigger future action instead of down-calling (example: transport-arm-for-send)

19. How to use locks? Don’t really know. With downcall-only there is a simple locking discipline: Have each layer use its own set of locks Have each subroutine release its lock before return No deadlock as a partial order is implied by the call graph Doesn’t work when upcalls are allowed. The principle behind their recipe “release any locks before an upcall” is asymmetry of trust: Trust the layers you depend on, but not your clients

20. Upcalls & Abstraction boundaries We get rid of protection boundaries for the sake of performance and to make upcalls practical We seemingly keep abstraction boundaries intact as we: Don’t leak information about the implementation by offering an upcall interface Don’t know our clients, they must register handlers But we need to observe some constraints to make it work: downcall policy locking discipline Cleanup interface

21. Other things in Swift Monitors for synchronization Task-scheduling with a “deadline priority” scheme Dynamic priority adjustment if a higher priority task waits for a lower priority task (“deadline promotion”) Inter-task communication per shared memory High-level implementation language (CLU, anyone?) Mark & Sweep garbage collector Oh, and “multi-task modules” are just layers with state prepared for multiple concurrent execution.

22. Time for coffee