1. 1 Chapter Overview Computer Communication The Computer Bus Objectives  Understand how a computer transmits and receives information.  Explain the principles of computer language.

2. 2 Early Forms of Communication communications require some form of code to convert human language to a form of information that can be packaged and sent to the remote location. Code it might be a set of letters in an alphabet, a series of analog pulses over a telephone line, or a sequence of binary numbers in a computer. On the receiving end, this code needs to be converted back to language that people can understand.

3. 3 Morse code Morse code based on assigning a series of pulses to represent each letter of the alphabet. Morse code uses two states—dots and dashes—for letters.( telegraphs and radio communication code).

4. 4 Bit Byte : is a group of 8 bits ( equal to one character ) Nibble: 4 bits Word: 16 bits on most personal computers Kilobyte (KB) : 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) : 1024 KB Gigabyte (GB) : 1024 MB The Binary Language of Computers Bits: A bit is the smallest unit of information that is recognized by a computer : a single on or off event

5. 5 The Binary System 0 = Off 1 = On De8421 00000 10001 20010 30011 40100 50101 60110 70111 81000 91001

6. 6 Examples of Binary Notation

7. 7 From Binary to Decimal Computers use binary numbers and human use decimal numbers. (0111) 2 = 7 (0001) 2 =1 (1001) 2 =? (1100) 2 =? (1110) 2 =?

8. 8 Parallel and Serial Devices Serial : only one element of code can be sent at a time. Parallel:8 bits to be sent at once.

9. 9 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Standard for representing text characters in binary code Basic standard = 128 codes Extended character set = 256 codes A is 65 and a is 97 Note: Check page 18 Unicode: 16 bit for each character and other languages

10. 10 The Computer Bus A bus is a group of electrical conductors-usually wires. These conductors can be copper traces on a circuit board or wires in a cable. A bus provides a common path along which to transmit information in the form of code. It allows any device to receive information from or send information to any other device on the same bus. The bus contains one line for each bit needed to give the address of a device or a location in memory. it also contains one line for each bit of data being transmitted from device to device. Note: system bus and expansion bus

11. 11 Electronic Bus

12. 12 Bus System

13. Computer Bus cont. Data bus: A group of parallel conductors found on the MB and used by the CPU to send and receive data from all the devices in the computer. Address bus: used by the CPU to address memory locations. Control bus: This manages the information flow between components indicating whether the operation is a read or a write. QUESTION: what is the difference between the system bus and expansion bus?

14. 14 Chapter Summary Computers communicate using binary notation, or base 2 math. ASCII is the standard communication code for most modern computers. ASCII includes a basic standard and an extended character set. Serial devices transmit one bit at a time; parallel devices can transmit multiple bits at once. A bus can carry at least 8 bits from one point to another.