1. Watersheds Capture, Store And Safely Release Water

2. NATURAL RIPARIAN RESOURCES

3. Recovery Rates Non-Functional

4. PROPER FUNCTIONING RIPARIAN AREA Grazing Herbivory Hoof Action Plant Physiological Health Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction RESPONSE Vigor (Health): recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Site Modification: recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Recruitment: positive

7. Plant Physiological Health Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction NEGATIVE CHANGE RESPONSE Vigor (Health): negative / recovery less than initial negative response Recruitment: negative Site Modification: negative / recovery less than initial negative response Herbivory Hoof Action

8. NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Deposition Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture At Risk Off-site Impacts +/- water, +/- sediment

10. NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Deposition Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture At Risk Lateral/Vertical Stability Loss of Riparian Area NON-FUNCTIONAL Off-site Impacts +/- water, +/- sediment

14. PROPER FUNCTIONING RIPARIAN AREA Grazing Herbivory Hoof Action Plant Physiological Health Mechanical Damage to Plants Soil/Plant Displacement Compaction Response Vigor (Health): recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Site Modification: recovery greater than or equal to initial negative response Recruitment: positive

15. NEGATIVE CHANGE IN Community Composition Community Distribution Diversity Rooting Characteristics Amount (bare ground vs vegetated as well as production) Greater Erosion/Deposition Change Channel Geomorphology Site Alteration/Less Soil Moisture At Risk Lateral/Vertical Stability Loss of Riparian Area NON-FUNCTIONAL Off-site Impacts +/- water, +/- sediment

16. PFC Identifies most of the responses that might be associated with grazing SHOULD BE AN OBJECTIVE Other assessment components may need to be measured (monitored) to see if progressing toward or maintaining PFC

17. Responses of Hydrology and Soil Erosion/Deposition Components Often Predicated by Changes in Vegetation Kind of plants Proportion of plants Amount of plants Sufficient to provide lateral/vertical stability in a relatively high hydrologic event.

18. Kind of Plants Most broad leaf sedges, especially with Most willows and other woody vegetation Many rushes A few grasses & forbs

19. Root Length Manning, M.E., et al, 1989

20. Channel Stability Rating (Vegetation) Winward 1999 Appendix B Adequate Root Strength

31. Grazing “systems” for riparian areas must generally Limit grazing intensity and season of use to provide sufficient rest to encourage plant vigor, regrowth, and energy storage; Ensure sufficient vegetation is left during periods of high flow to protect streambanks, dissipate energy, and trap sediments, and; Control the timing of grazing to prevent damage to streambanks when they are most vulnerable to trampling.

32. Factors to consider when designing a grazing strategy include: Type(s) of stream(s) and objectives (PFC “No”s) Season of use affects on where animals go, what they eat, and plant response Duration of treatments by season (length of time in a pasture regardless of use level) Stocking rates & utilization levels (at objective areas) Post-grazing regrowth and residual cover (especially prior to high flows) Topography of the ranch and riparian areas Location of water, fences and etc. Economic feasibility and practicality

43. Use techniques that attract livestock away from the riparian areas; Use techniques that restrict livestock from riparian areas; and Practice herd management & animal husbandry TO PROMOTE DISTRIBUTION

44. Techniques that attract livestock away from riparian areas Off site stockwater developments Alternative forage sources such as seedings Fertilization to improve palatability of off- site forage Prescribed fire to improve both forage availability and palatability Feed supplements

45. Techniques that restrict livestock from riparian areas Fencing - sometimes exclusion is the most practical approach, especially in the short term Barriers - e.g., brush windrows, down trees, and natural barriers such as rock formations Hardened crossings or water access (livestock will often avoid steep banks in preference of gentle slopes and sure footings) Herding (low stress handling and placement)

46. Herd Management & Animal Husbandry Practices Culling practices Class of livestock Kind of livestock Breed of livestock

47. “There are no cook book or ‘one size fits all’ prescriptions for livestock grazing in riparian areas” Wayne Elmore “The single common denominator among all riparian areas inventoried…as functioning properly or at least being on an improving trend was continual involvement on the part of the operator or manager Bob Ehrhart