1. latest revision 1/19/051 Church History 900-1500 Lecture 3 Ann T. Orlando 20 January 2005

2. latest revision 1/19/052 Introduction Review 8 th and 9 th Centuries Political Situation in Middle Ages Spiritual Movements: Monasticism Intellectual Movements: Scholasticism Artistic Movements Looking ahead to Reformation and Modernity NB ‘Middle Ages’ is a Renaissance term for this period. It has a pejorative connotation; between or in the middle between the great ancient Roman period and ‘modern’ period; people of this time considered themselves part of Christendom

3. latest revision 1/19/053 Review from Lecture 2 Charlemagne –United Western Europe –Crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 After Charlemagne –Kingdom divided between his sons –Infighting among them led to fracturing of political unity in Europe Viking invasions –Started during Charlemagne’s rule –Terrorized Ireland, England, northern and Western Europe, and Russia for 100 years –Eventually abated with Christian missionary activities

4. latest revision 1/19/054 Political Situation 900 – 1500 Three Themes 1. Summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’ –Goes back to Charlemagne being crowned by Pope –Example in Constantinople: Emperor, not Patriarch firmly in charge –Recognized primary of Pope (East and West) as successor of Peter 2. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other 3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)

5. latest revision 1/19/055 1. Milestones of Papal-Western Imperial Confrontations Otto the Great, King of East Franks (Germans), King/Emperor 936-973 –Made bishops civil officials within his kingdom –Emperor gives the bishop the civil and religious symbols of his office –Celibacy of bishops meant he did not have to worry about competing families to his own –Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope, in return agreement that no Pope could be elected without consent of Emperor –Beginning of ‘lay investiture’ controversy Pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085) –Church reform; Gregory had been a monk at Cluny –Assertion of Papal primacy, Dictatus Papae; Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope –Opposed simony (sale of religious offices) –Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) –Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope –Challenged by King John in England; Innocent placed an interdict on England, saying that people were not obliged to acknowledge John as King –John repents and acknowledges his position as vassal to Pope –John, in a now weakened position, is forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta

6. latest revision 1/19/056 Milestones (cont.) Pontificate of Boniface VIII (1294-1303) –Philip the Fair of France refuses to acknowledge ultimate Papal authority –Boniface responds with ‘The two swords of religious and political power belong to Pope’ Unam Sanctam –Philip burns the encyclical –Boniface prepares to excommunicate Philip, when Philip’s supporters capture Boniface VIII; parade him sitting backward on a horse –Boniface dies shortly thereafter French select next Pope, Clement V. This begins the ‘Avignon Papacy”; under French control 1378 Starting in 1378 multiple claimants to papacy, primarily divided between Italian and French interests; period usually referred to as the Great Western Schism Attempts to reform papal-civil relations through a series of councils in 15 th C (Conciliar Movement) Church reformers treated as enemies of both Church and State –John Wycliffe in England –John Huss in Bohemia, burned at stake 1415 NB: 1347-1370 time of Great Plague in Europe, leading to extensive social disruption and despair

7. latest revision 1/19/057 2. Political Relations between Eastern and Western Christendom Back to Charlemagne (800) –In East, an Empress, Irene, takes control of Constantinople –Pope Leo refuses to recognize her ascendancy to throne; strikes her name from prayers at Mass; last Eastern Emperor to be included in liturgy –Charlemagne and Irene consider marrying, but falls through Throughout this period, East insists that there is only one Roman Emperor: the one in Constantinople Mutual excommunication of Pope and Patriarch in 1054 (lifted by Pope and Patriarch in 1964) Fourth Crusade, 1204, invades and sacks Constantinople; Venetians control Constantinople until 1294 Eastern emperor seeks aid against Turks from West; promised at Council of Florence in 1439 in return for East accepting Western doctrine, rituals, and primacy of Pope –Only ‘help’ actually delivered to Constantinople was some priests In May 1453, with Turks about to capture Constantinople, Eastern Emperor and Patriarch repudiate Council of Florence –Constantinople captured May 29, 1453 –End of Roman Empire

8. latest revision 1/19/058 3. The Crusades Initially driven by desire to secure places of pilgrimage –Pilgrimage was important from time of Constantine –Undertaken as an act of penance –Popular places of pilgrimage: Santiago, Tours, Rome, Holy Land; anyplace where saints were buried First Crusade called by Urban II in 1095, Jerusalem captured in 1099 Second Crusade preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146; military disaster for Europeans; Jerusalem recaptured by Moslem armies Third Crusade 1189-1192, inconclusive militarily Fourth Crusade, 1204, proclaimed by Innocent III, stopped with sack of Constantinople, never reached Palestine Children’s Crusade of 1212; pre-teenage children went to Holy Land and were slaughtered or taken as slaves; led by 10 year olds Fifth Crusade, 1228-1229, led by Emperor Fredrick II; briefly retook Jerusalem Sixth and last Crusade, 1248-1254, led by King Louis IX of France (later proclaimed saint) who taken captive and eventually ransomed NOT A CRUSADE, but nonetheless very important: final expulsion of Muslims from Spain in 1492

9. latest revision 1/19/059 Spiritual Movements: Monasticism Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910 –Return to Benedict’s Rule; especially reading of Divine Office –Neglected physical work for prayer and study –Established a series of daughter monasteries under the direction fo the abbot of Cluny –While monks were poor, monasteries became wealthy –Encouraged development of visual arts in service of religion Reform of Cluny: Cistercians –Founded by Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1099 –Return to strict adherence to Benedict’s Rule –Each monastery independent –Bernard of Clairvaux most famous Cistercian (1090-1153) –Modern day Trappists; Spencer, MA.

10. latest revision 1/19/0510 Spiritual Movements: Franciscans Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) –Total embrace of ‘Lady Poverty’, not ‘Lady Wisdom’ as way of life –Francis’ Rule emphasizes walking in poverty in the footsteps of Jesus; mendicants –Order recognized by Innocent III –Stigmata as a sign of Francis’ identification with Jesus After Francis –Franciscans become more organized, intellectual, wealthy –Bonaventure (1221-1274) describes Franciscan way of life in philosophical terms

11. latest revision 1/19/0511 Intellectual Movements: Scholasticism Locus for learning: Universities –Grew out of Cathedral Schools –Most famous, Paris (Sorbonne) –Very international –Universities and the Church were very ‘democratic’; any man with ability could rise very high Dominicans –Founded by Dominic (1170-1221) –Founded in response to Albingensian Heresy –Order of Preachers, charged by Pope with combating errors; led to Inquisition Most famous Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

12. latest revision 1/19/0512 Thomas Aquinas Angelic Doctor Developed systematic approach to theology using Aristotelian methods (Aristotle as the Philosopher in the Summa) Relied on newly available Greek works from Jewish and Moslem sources; Moses Maimonides, Averrhoes Very different from theological approach since Augustine Needed to show that his theological conclusions were consistent with Augustine Two great works: Summa Theologica (theological) or Theologiae (theology); Summa Contra Gentiles But he also wrote beautiful songs, especially in praise of Eucharist (one of which we sing at Benediction, and another during Holy Thursday)

13. latest revision 1/19/0513 Example: Transubstantiation Relies on Aristotle’s The Categories –Philosophical idea of substance, accidents Substance: what things really are, their essence Accidents: how they appear to senses, properties that are incidental, weight, color, taste –Augustine has bad things to say about The Categories in Confessions (IV.28-31) According to Aquinas (Catholic Church doctrine), Christ becomes fully present in the Eucharist when –the substance of bread and wine is transformed into His own substance –only the accidents (color, texture, taste) of the bread and wine remain

14. latest revision 1/19/0514 Adoro Te Devote by Thomas Aquinas Godhead here in hiding, whom I do adore Masked by these bare shadows, shape and nothing more, See, Lord, at thy service low lies here a heart Lost, all lost in wonder at the God thou art. Seeing, touching, tasting are in thee deceived; How says trusty hearing? that shall be believed; What God's Son has told me, take for truth I do; Truth himself speaks truly or there's nothing true. From CCC translated by Gerard Manley Hopkins

15. latest revision 1/19/0515 Catholic Art Movements Romanesque: 10, 11th C –Impact of Cluny –Example: Vezelay (where Bernard preached 2 nd Crusade) http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/vezelay.html http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/vezelay.html Gothic: 12, 13, 14 th C –Impact of Devotion to Mary –Example: Chartres http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/chartres.html http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/chartres.html Renaissance 15, 16 th C –Epicenter: Florence –http://www.learner.org/exhibits/renaissance/florence_sub2.htmlhttp://www.learner.org/exhibits/renaissance/florence_sub2.html Baroque 17 th C –Epicenter: Renewed, reinvigorated Papal Rome –http://www.christusrex.org/www1/citta/0-Citta.htmlhttp://www.christusrex.org/www1/citta/0-Citta.html

16. latest revision 1/19/0516 Looking Ahead Reformation and Counter Reformation Missionary activities during age of Discovery Enlightenment American and French Revolutions Vatican I and Vatican II