1. Chapter 9 The Hydrosphere
Physical Geography
A Landscape Appreciation, 9/e
Animation Edition
Victoria Alapo, Instructor
Geog 1150

2. The Hydrosphere The Hydrologic Cycle The Oceans Permanent Ice
Surface Waters
Underground Water

3. The Hydrologic Cycle Earth Moisture Inventory (next slide)
Movement of Water
Surface to Air
Air to Surface
On and Beneath Surface

4. Earth Moisture Inventory
Oceans: 97.2% Underground water: 0.5%
Glaciers: 2.0% Surface Water: 0.25% (Rivers / streams, only: %)

5. The Hydrologic Cycle

6. Moisture Balance Oceans Versus Continents

7. The Oceans Oceans and Seas
Seas, gulf and bays are landlocked or partially landlocked smaller bodies of water (see map & table, pg 264).
See next slides for various oceans & seas.
Pacific Ocean houses some of the world’s disastrous storms
Pacific Ring of Fire (pg 425 & 430).
Characteristics of Ocean Waters (next slides)
Movement of Ocean Waters
Tides – pg Vertical movement of oceans caused by gravitational pull of the moon (know this).
Currents – due to wind flow and Coriolis effect (pg 95)
Waves – mostly shapes (pg 590)

8. Oceans and Seas

9. Characteristics of Ocean Waters
Fig. 9-5
Four oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Waters
Chemical composition – 3.5% salt, by weight!
Temperature – colder with depth, freezing point is 28 degrees.
Density – denser with depth (more pressure)

10. Permanent Ice Glaciers
Glaciers – 2% of water storage (also see interesting info on pg 271).
Oceanic Ice Forms
Permafrost
Glaciers

11. Oceanic Ice Forms

12. Earth’s Largest Ice Pack

13. Extent of Permafrost
Permafrost –
Permanently frozen water in subsoil

14. Surface Waters
Lakes – opposite of islands. Some formed by glaciers, others by tectonic forces. No size limit; very small lakes are ‘ponds’. Most are freshwater. See next slide and pg
Swamps and Marshes
Rivers and Streams – interchangeable, but a stream is smaller.

15. World’s Largest Lakes

16. Human Alteration of Natural Lakes
Fig. 9-C. Aral Sea is shrinking due to dam construction and diversion of water for irrigation of agricultural land.

17. Aral Sea
Fig. 9-18, pg 277

18. Swamps and Marshes Swamps have trees Marshes have grasses and rushes
Fig

19. Major Drainage Basins
A drainage basin is all the land drained by a river and its tributaries, i.e. where all its water comes from.

20. Rivers and Streams

22. Underground Water Aquifers and Aquicludes (next slide)
Zone of Saturation
Water Table – top of saturation zone (next slide)
Cone of Depression (next slides)
Zone of Confined Water – confined water btw 2 aquicludes (see Artesian Well slide)
Artesian Systems
The Ogallala Aquifer

23. Aquifers and Aquicludes
Aquifers are permeable rock that holds water e.g. sandstone.
Aquicludes are impermeable materials which hinder water movement e.g. clay

24. Cone of Depression
This is when water level drops in a well, in the shape of a ‘cone’, because water is being taken up faster than can flow in to replace it.

25. Artesian Well
When a well is dug and the pressure is so high that the water rises to the surface. It “pumps itself”. Pg 283.

26. Artesian System

27. The Ogallala Aquifer
Found in the Great Plains (Midwest U.S.). Allows farmers to irrigate, but it’s being endangered.