1. Processes & Daemons Chapter IV / Part III

2. Commands Internal commands: alias, cd, echo, pwd, time External commands, code is in a file: grep, ls, more Command (usually) is a file Binary or shell script ls is actually /bin/ls command files set to executable Can use relative pathname if in PATH echo $PATH add to path export PATH=$PATH:~/bin

3. Processes Processes lie at the heart of all Unix/Linux OS Very crucial to understanding the operating system Process - an independently running program has own set of resources, such as CPU time, memory, hard disk space Linux is a multiprocessing OS multiple processes running at the same time Process scheduler: part of kernel processes can communicate

4. Processes Resources managed by kernel everything else is a process shell processes & daemons forking ps top

5. /proc Useful for analyzing processes and hardware Numbered directory for running process Example cmdline : the parent command line status : current status cwd : current working directory Hardware info meminfo ioports

6. Forking Example

7. Process states Linux Processes state diagrams

8. Background Processes started with an ‘&’ jobs fg bring into foreground bg resumes execution pgrep -f Sequential process execution cmd1; cmd2; cmd3 Parallel execution cmd1& cmd2 & cmd3

9. Process creation By forking what happens when command wc input.txt is executed shell searches for wc and input.txt checks wc for permission calls fork to create a child shell child shell calls exec to become wc wc executes control is returned to shell

10. Process hierarchy System starts with GRUB starts kernel init - PID 1 (started by swapper (PID 0)) initialized background daemons initializes and mounts root filesystem starts getty on every terminal for login process login success: forks a shell shell continues till failure: goes back to getty

11. Boot process

12. Process hierarchy

13. Processes only init and swapper are permanent ps -e f or pstree shows hierarchical view of processes pstree is more compact view ulimit

14. Daemons Background system processes monitor hardware networking tasks schedule tasks usually end with a d lpd, ftpd, httpd, sshd,.... directly owned by init process usually launched at boot time

15. Runlevels Runlevel: current system state 0 : system at halt 6: reboot 1: single user mode 2 - 5: different stages of system execution runlevel; who -r init manages the runlevel /etc/inittab lists which processes are started when

16. inittab /etc/inittab format id:runlevel:action:process specifying default level id:3:initdefault:

17. rc.d directories Under /etc/ each corresponds to a runlevel Hold scripts (programs) for startup and kill links to /etc/init.d S* - starting K* - killing explicitly start or stop a service