1. Vicentiu Covrig 1 Options and Futures Options and Futures (Chapter 18 and 19 Hirschey and Nofsinger)

2. Vicentiu Covrig 2 Potential Benefits of Derivatives Derivative instruments: Value is determined by, or derived from, the value of another instrument vehicle, called the underlying asset or security Risk shifting - Especially shifting the risk of asset price changes or interest rate changes to another party willing to bear that risk Price formation - Speculation opportunities when some investors may feel assets are mis- priced Investment cost reduction - To hedge portfolio risks more efficiently and less costly than would otherwise be possible

3. Vicentiu Covrig 3 Forward Contracts An agreement between two parties to exchange an asset at a specified price on a specified date Buyer is long, seller is short; symmetric gains and losses as price changes, zero sum game Contracts are OTC, have negotiable terms, and are not liquid Subject to credit risk or default risk Value realized only at expiration Popular in currency exchange markets

4. Vicentiu Covrig 4 Futures Contracts Like forward contracts… - Buyer is long and is obligated to buy - Seller is short and is obligated to sell Unlike forward contracts… - Traded on an exchange - Standardized – size, maturity - More liquidity - can “reverse” a position and offset the future obligation, other party is the exchange - Less credit risk - initial margin required - Additional margin needs are determined through a daily “marking to market” based on price changes

5. Vicentiu Covrig 5 Futures Contracts Futures Quotations - One contract is for a fixed amount of the underlying asset  5,000 bushels of corn (of a certain grade)  $250 x Index for S&P 500 Index Futures (of a certain maturity) - Prices are given in terms of the underlying asset  Cents per bushel (grains)  Value of the index - Value of one contract is price x contract amount

6. Vicentiu Covrig 6 Futures Contracts Example: Suppose you bought (go long) the most recent (June) S&P 500 contract at the settle price of 1180.80. What was the original contract value? Value = $250 x 1180.80 = $295,200 What is your profit if you close your position (sell a contract) for 1250.00? Value = $250 x 1250.00 = $312,500 Profit = $312,500 - $295,200 = $17,300

7. Vicentiu Covrig 7 Options Option to buy is a call option Call options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today. Option to sell is a put option Put options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today Option premium – price paid for the option Exercise price or strike price – the price at which the asset can be bought or sold under the contract Open interest: number of outstanding options Expiration date - European: can be exercised only at expiration - American: exercised any time before expiration

8. Vicentiu Covrig 8 Options Contracts: Preliminaries A call option is: In-the-money - The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset. At-the-money - The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the underlying asset. Out-of-the-money - The exercise price is more than the spot price of the underlying asset.

9. Vicentiu Covrig 9 Options Contracts: Preliminaries A put option is: In-the-money - The exercise price is greater than the spot price of the underlying asset. At-the-money - The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the underlying asset. Out-of-the-money - The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset.

10. Vicentiu Covrig 10 Options Example: Suppose you own a call option with an exercise (strike) price of $30. If the stock price is $40 (in-the-money): - Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to buy at $30, and you can exercise and then sell for $40. If the stock price is $20 (out-of-the-money): - Your option has no intrinsic value - You would not exercise your right to buy something for $30 that you can buy for $20!

11. Vicentiu Covrig 11 Options Example: Suppose you own a put option with an exercise (strike) price of $30. If the stock price is $20 (in-the-money): - Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to sell at $30, so you can buy the stock at $20 and then exercise and sell for $30 If the stock price is $40 (out-of-the-money): - Your option has no intrinsic value - You would not exercise your right to sell something for $30 that you can sell for $40!

12. Vicentiu Covrig 12 Options Stock Option Quotations - One contract is for 100 shares of stock - Quotations give:  Underlying stock and its current price  Strike price  Month of expiration  Premiums per share for puts and calls  Volume of contracts Premiums are often small - A small investment can be “leveraged” into high profits (or losses)

13. Vicentiu Covrig 13 Options Example: Suppose that you buy a January $60 call option on Hansen at a price (premium) of $9. Cost of your contract = $9 x 100 = $900 If the current stock price is $63.20, the intrinsic value is $3.20 per share. What is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling for $50? Out-of-the-money, so Profit = ($900) What is your percentage profit with options? Return = (0-9)/9 = -100% What if you had invested in the stock? Return = (50-63.20)/63.20 = (20.89%)

14. Vicentiu Covrig 14 Options What is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling for $85? Profit = 100(85-60) – 900 = $1,600 Is your percentage profit with options? Return = (85-60-9)/9 = 77.78% What if you had invested in the stock? Return = (85-63.20)/63.20 = 34.49%

15. Vicentiu Covrig 15 Options Payoff diagrams - Show payoffs at expiration for different stock prices (V) for a particular option contract with a strike price of X - For calls:  if the V<X, the payoff is zero  If V>X, the payoff is V-X  Payoff = Max [0, V-X] - For puts:  if the V>X, the payoff is zero  If V<X, the payoff is X-V  Payoff = Max [0, X-V]

16. Vicentiu Covrig 16 Option Trading Strategies There are a number of different option strategies: Buying call options Selling call options Buying put options Selling put options Option spreads

17. Vicentiu Covrig 17 Buying Call Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will increase (long position) Profit for purchasing a Call Option: Per Share Profit =Max [0, V-X] – Call Premium The following diagram shows different total dollar profits for buying a call option with a strike price of $70 and a premium of $6.13

18. Vicentiu Covrig 18 Buying Call Options 405060708090100 1,000 500 0 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (500) (1,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $6.13 Profit from Strategy Stock Price at Expiration

19. Vicentiu Covrig 19 Selling Call Options Bet that the price will not increase greatly – collect premium income with no payoff Can be a far riskier strategy than buying the same options The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer (no upper bound on V-X) Uncovered calls: writer does not own the stock (riskier position) Covered calls: writer owns the stock

20. Vicentiu Covrig 20 Selling Call Options 405060708090100 (1,000) (1,500) (2,000) (500) 0 500 1,000 (2,500) (3,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $6.13 Stock Price at Expiration Profit from Uncovered Call Strategy

21. Vicentiu Covrig 21 Buying Put Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will decrease (short position) Profit for purchasing a Put Option: Per Share Profit = Max [0, X-V] – Put Premium Protective put: Buying a put while owning the stock (if the price declines, option gains offset portfolio losses)

22. Vicentiu Covrig 22 Buying Put Options 405060708090100 1,000 500 0 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (500) (1,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $2.25 Profit from Strategy Stock Price at Expiration

23. Vicentiu Covrig 23 Selling Put Options Bet that the price will not decline greatly – collect premium income with no payoff The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer (payoff loss limited to the strike price since the stock’s value cannot fall below zero)

24. Vicentiu Covrig 24 Selling Put Options 405060708090100 (1,000) (1,500) (2,000) (500) 0 500 1,000 (2,500) (3,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $2.25 Stock Price at Expiration Profit from Strategy

25. Vicentiu Covrig 25 Combinations Spread: both buyer and writer of the same type of option on the same underlying asset - Price spread: purchase or sale of options on the same underlying asset but different exercise price - Time spread: purchase or sale of options on the same underlying asset but different expiration dates Bull call spread: purchase of a low strike price call and sale of a high strike price call. Bull put spread: sale of high strike price put and purchase or a low strike price put

26. Vicentiu Covrig 26 Payoff Long call Short call Bull call spread Payoff Long put Short put Bull put spread Payoff Long call Short put Straddle Straddle : purchasing a call and Writing a put on the same asset, exercise price, and expiration date

27. Vicentiu Covrig 27 Option pricing Factors contributing value of an option - price of the underlying stock - time until expiration - volatility of underlying stock price - cash dividend - prevailing interest rate. Intrinsic value: difference between an in-the-money option ’ s strike price and current market price Time value: speculative value. Call price = Intrinsic value + time value

28. Vicentiu Covrig 28 Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Where C: current price of a call option S: current market price of the underlying stock X: exercise price r: risk free rate t: time until expiration N(d 1 ) and N (d 2 ) : cumulative density functions for d 1 and d 2