1. Organizing a Software Project José Onofre Montesa Andrés Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Escuela Superior de Informática Aplicada 2003-2004

2. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project1 Table of contents Introduction Team Structures Communication in the software project

3. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project2 Introduction Ones the project is approves, the management of it concentrate on two themes: –Creating a working team. –Tracking what was planed. In this chapter we’ll focus on: How to organize a working team?”

4. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project3 A global vision of the development. Clients and Users Developers software People, teams, Organizations Ideas …specification… Design… Code

5. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project4 Context of the enterprise structure and the project team There are two kinds or people in the team: –The ones coming from the client enterprise. –The technicians whose job is building the software.

6. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project5 Context of the enterprise structure and the project team The team can use an organization structure different from the user’s enterprise one. Both organizations have to be connected in order to avoid conflicts between them.

7. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project6 Why do we need to create a project organization? The activities have been split up when planning so that the achievement and control of each task would be easer. Now we have to create de conditions for: coordinating easily: starting of tasks; taking decisions; tracking; and ending of tasks. Providing communications between people in charge of each task and people in the same or other tasks.

8. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project7 Different situations about the project team and client The project team belong to the user’s enterprise division. The project team belong to the user’s enterprise, but to other division (big organizations). The project team is extern to the user’s enterprise.

9. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project8 Different situations The project team belong to the user’s enterprise division. The project team belong to the user’s enterprise, but to other division The project team is extern to the user’s enterprise

10. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project9 The project team belong to the user’s enterprise division. We’ll have few liberty in order to set the team (The available people). If the division’s management support the project: –All the concerned people about the project arrive easily to commitments. –The team goal and the client enterprise is exactly the same.

11. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project10 The project team belong to the user’s enterprise, but to other division. As the project team is a part of the DPC it can include specialist, due to the size of the DPC and it’s specialization. It’s possible that the goals don’t be the same.

12. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project11 The project team is extern to the user’s enterprise. The project team is build with external people. –There is freedom to select the people in the team. –It depends on the supplier enterprise size. Goals are shared in a Client-Supplier fashion.

13. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project12 Organization structure Client and future user, as enterprises have their own organization. And we will have problems with them. It's interesting for us identify the organization structure and understand their authority and knowledge distribution. Typical structures are: –Functional organization –Project organization –Matrix organization

14. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project13 Organization assigns: Tasks and activities to people groups. Objectives to each group. Responsibilities to groups and coordinators Authorities between groups and their member's. Formal communication channels.

15. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project14 Functional organization (I) Is the more known structure (military, church,...) Is the typical pyramidal structure. Each new level introduces a type of specialization. It can be: –type of work (functional), –geographic localization (Territorial), –Size of clients (Clients oriented), –product (Product oriented).

16. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project15 Functional organization (II) Communication is allowed between: –People at under the same boss (same level). –Boss and subordinate. Formal communication between two people in different areas must follow a long trip. –Worker to boss,… boss to boss until a pint in the pyramid were starts to down until boss to worker.

17. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project16 Functional organization (III) Example:

18. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project17 Advantages of functional organization Centralización de recursos similares. –Specialists in the same area close. Better professional carriers Cooperation between specialists in the same area –Less need of technical experts. –Maximum flexibility in the use of staff. Higher standardization level.

19. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project18 Disadvantages of Functional Organization Cracks in the inter-functional areas, generating conflicts as: –Responsibility: “this isn't of my incumbency” –Power: several boss want to take decisions, in the same subject. –Communication, “I finish mi task”, “Nobody tell me about …”,... Deferent functions can have opposite objectives.

20. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project19 Project organization (I) Objectives attainment in a quick manner. Enterprise organization depends on the actual projects Each project has their own team and all the necessary resources. The project manager has decision capacity. Team duration depends on the project duration.

21. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project20 Project organization (II), Example:

22. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project21 Advantages of Project Organization. objectives unity (clear objective) Control unity. Every body depends on the same boss. Easy communication. Clear responsibilities.

23. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project22 Disadvantages of Project Organization Changing enterprise organization. Duplication of resources and inefficiency. Difficult to share individuals/expertise across projects Complex staff management –What's the mater when de project is finished? –What about staff curricula? –Dead time…

24. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project23 Matrix organization (I) It's a multidimensional structure. Try to take the best of both. First we create functional structure and over this we put a project structure.

25. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project24 Matrix organization (II)

26. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project25 Matrix organization: Advantages Equilibrate project objectives and departments. Staff has better professional stability Specialists belong to the same department and consults are easy. Easy professional carriers.

27. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project26 Matrix organization : disadvantages Staff has two or more managers when they are in different projects. Project managers fell few authority.

28. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project27 Teams Structure The development of software projects usually requires: –Small teams. Classical structures aren’t an appropriate reference –Specialists in different areas: Software technical knowledge Knowledge about the implied area. – (Multifunctional teams).

29. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project28 Team Structure in software projects Three team structures are popular in this field: –Egoless programming team (Weinberg) –Chief programming team. –Controlled decentralized team structure. »Marilyn Mantei (1981)

30. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project29 Egoless programming team (Weinberg) Ten or fewer programmers Exchange their code with other team members for error examination. Goals are set by group consensus. Group leadership is a rotating function, becoming the responsibility of the individual with the abilities that are currently needed.

31. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project30 Egoless team: Management Structure. People are in different knowledge areas and experience levels.

32. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project31 Egoless team: Communication exchanges that occur. Everybody can communicate with everybody.

33. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project32 Chief programming team. Use to be little teams. It have a chief programmer who: –manages all technical aspects. –Takes problem solutions and and goal decisions. –Assign well defined (but large and complex) to the team members.

34. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project33 Chief programmer ProgrammerData Bases Specialist Chief programming team. Management Structure. Is a centralized autocratic structure.

35. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project34 Chief programming team: Communication exchanges that occur. All the communications past throw the chief.

36. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project35 Controlled Decentralized Team. Teams can be large teams. Has a project leader who governs a group of senior programmers. Each senior programmer in turn, manages a group of junior programmers. The objective is to maintain other teams the best characteristics.

37. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project36 Project Leader Senior Programmer Junior Programmers Controlled Decentralized Team: Management Structure. Responsibility is shared by the project leader and the seniors programmers.

38. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project37 Controlled Decentralized Team: Communication exchanges. People at he same level and their boss is decentralized.

39. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project38 Relations between team structures:

40. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project39 Communication in the software project. Communicating in harmony In software development projects, the inability of people to communicate effectively with one another represents one of the more common obstacles to the achievement of: –High product quality, and –High productivity.

41. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project40 Improving communications among project players offers substantial morale, productivity,quality, and, cost benefits to a project.

42. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project41 Ones communications problems surfaces, the process to follow...: Understand the cause of the problems. Put corrective action into place. Enforce an ongoing communicative work environment.

43. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project42 Actions to improve communication. When you are wrong, admit it. Exercise tolerance. Meet people. Be quick to assist. Ask others for assistance. Use tact - put your comments in the correct perspective.

44. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project43 Actions to improve communication. Keep others informed - do not surprises. Close problems. Show appreciation. Be a good listener. Greet people - remember their names. Consider compromise.

45. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project44 Actions to improve communication. Be willing to break with tradition. Know what to expect from others. Respect people.

46. GpiI-3A Organizing a Software Project45 Bibliography –Mantei, M. “The effect of Programming Team Structures on Programming Task”. CACM March 1981. Reprinted en “Tutorial: Software Engineering Project Management de R. Thayer, IEEE Computer Society Prees, 1988. –Whitten, N., Managing Software Development Projects - 2nd de.. John Whiley & Sons Inc. 1995.