1. CHAPTER FOUR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND ELECTIONS

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 2 Participation Why and How People Participate Nonparticipation

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 3 Figure 4.1 Possible Responses to Dissatisfaction in the Community

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 4 Participation (continued) The Struggle for the Right to Vote Voting Patterns

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 5 Figure 4.2 State Voter Turnout

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 6 Elections Primaries Runoff Elections General Elections Recent State Elections Nonpartisan Elections

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 7 Direct Democracy The Initiative –The Popularity of Initiatives –Recent Initiatives The Recall

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 8 Citizen Action to Government Open Meeting Laws Administrative Procedure Acts Advisory Committees E-Government Volunteerism as Participation The Effects of Citizen Participation

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 | 9 Figure 4.3 Civic Culture and Government Performance