1. Articulations
Chapter 9

2. Classification
Table 9–1

3. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses (singular = synarthrosis)
Immovable joints
Amphiarthroses (singular = amphiarthrosis)
Slightly movable joints
Diarthroses (singular = diarthrosis)
Freely movable joints

4. Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous
no joint cavity, bones held together with collagen fibers
Cartilagnous
no joint cavity, bones held together with cartilage
Synovial
have a “synovial” cavity, bones held together with an enclosed capsule & ligaments
Synostosis
Conversion of other joints to solid bone mass

5. Structural Classification
Table 9–2

6. Suture: a fibrous synarthrosis

7. Gomphosis

8. Syndesmosis: a fibrous amphiarthrosis

9. An amphiarthrotic synchondrosis

10. Symphysis

11. Synovial Joints

12. The shoulder joint

13. Types of Synovial Joints

14. Linear (non-axial) Motion
Pencil maintains vertical orientation, but changes position
Linear (non-axial) Motion
Figure 9–2a, b

15. Angular Motion (non-axial)
Pencil maintains position, but changes orientation
Figure 9–2c

16. Circumduction (Multiaxial)
Circular angular motion
Figure 9–2d

17. Rotation (Uniaxial)
Pencil maintains position and orientation, but spins
Figure 9–2e

18. Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
Monaxial or uniaxial (1 axis)
Biaxial (2 axes)
Triaxial or multiaxial (3 axes)

19. Types of Movements Possible at Synovial Joints

20. Gliding

21. Flexion
Figure 9–3a

22. Flexion Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane
Reduces angle between elements

23. Bends vertebral column from side to side
Lateral Flexion
Figure 9–5f

24. Extension Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane
Increases angle between elements

25. Hyperextension
Angular motion
Extension past anatomical position

26. Abduction & Adduction
Figure 9–3b, c

27. Abduction Angular motion Frontal plane
Moves away from longitudinal axis

28. Adduction
Angular motion
Frontal plane
Moves toward longitudinal axis

29. Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion
Figure 9–3d

30. Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction

31. Rotation
Figure 9–4

32. Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position
Relative to longitudinal axis of bodyLeft or right rotation
Medial rotation (inward rotation):
rotates toward axis
Lateral rotation (outward rotation):
rotates away from axis

33. Pronation and Supination
rotates forearm, radius over ulna
Supination:
forearm in anatomical position

34. Special movements of the antebrachium

35. Inversion and Eversion
Figure 9–5a

36. Special movements of the foot

37. Inversion and Eversion
twists sole of foot medially
Eversion:
twists sole of foot laterally

38. Special movement of the ankle

39. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
Plantar flexion:
extension at ankle (pointing toes)

40. Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
Figure 9–5c

41. Protraction and Retraction
moves anteriorly
in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
Retraction:
opposite of protraction
moving anteriorly (pulling back)

42. Elevation and Depression
Figure 9–5e

43. Elevation and Depression
moves in superior direction (up)
Depression:
moves in inferior direction (down)

44. Types synovial joints

45. Gliding Joints Flattened or slightly curved faces
Limited motion (nonaxial)

46. Hinge Joints Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
Figure 9–6 (2 of 6)

47. Pivot Joints
Rotation only (monaxial)
Figure 9–6 (3 of 6)

48. Ellipsoidal Joints (sometimes called “condylar” joints)
Oval articular face within a depression
Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
Figure 9–6 (4 of 6)

49. Saddle Joints
2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)
Figure 9–6 (5 of 6)

50. Ball-and-Socket Joints
Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
Figure 9–6 (6 of 6)

51. Structural Details of Some Synovial Joints

52. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9–7

53. Intervertebral Articulations
C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
at inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)

54. Disc Structure Anulus fibrosus: Nucleus pulposus: tough outer layer
attaches disc to vertebrae
Nucleus pulposus:
elastic, gelatinous core
absorbs shocks

55. Verterbral Joints Also called symphyseal joints
As vertebral column moves:
nucleus pulposus shifts
disc shape conforms to motion

56. 6 Intervertebral Ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament:
connects anterior bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament:
connects posterior bodies
Ligamentum flavum:
connects laminae

57. 6 Intervertebral Ligaments
Interspinous ligament:
connects spinous processes
Supraspinous ligament:
connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
Ligamentum nuchae:
continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)

58. Damage to Intervertebral Discs
Figure 9–8

59. Damage to Intervertebral Discs
Slipped disc:
bulge in anulus fibrosus
invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc:
nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
presses on spinal cord or nerves

60. Movements of the Vertebral Column
Flexion:
bends anteriorly
Extension:
bends posteriorly
Lateral flexion:
bends laterally
Rotation

61. Articulations and Movements of the Axial Skeleton

62. Articulations and Movements of the Axial Skeleton

63. The Shoulder Joint
Figure 9–9a

64. The Shoulder Joint
Figure 9–9b

65. The Elbow Joint
Figure 9–10

66. The elbow: medial

67. Fig b
The elbow: lateral

68. The Hip Joint
Figure 9–11a

69. The Hip Joint

70. The Knee Joint
Figure 9–12a, b

71. The Knee Joint
Figure 9–12c, d

72. Common knee injury

73. ACL replacement

74. Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton

75. Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton

76. Rheumatism
A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
Arthritis
All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints

77. Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age 60

78. Rheumatoid Arthritis An inflammatory condition
Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
Involves the immune system

79. Gouty Arthritis Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts):
form within synovial fluid
due to metabolic disorders

80. Joint Immobilization Reduces flow of synovial fluid
Can cause arthritis symptoms
Treated by continuous passive motion (therapy)

81. Bones and Aging Bone mass decreases Bones weaken
Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture

82. No Mas