1. Materials for Lecture 13 Purpose summarize the selection of distributions and their appropriate validation tests Explain the use of Scenarios and Sensitivity Analysis in a simulation model Chapter 10 pages 1-3 Chapter 16 Sections 7, 8 and 9 Lecture 13 Scenario.xls Lecture 13 Scenario & Sensitivity.xls Lecture 13 Sensitivity Elasticity.xls

2. Summarize Validation Tests Validation of simulated distributions is critical to building good simulation models Selection of the appropriate statistical tests to validate the simulated random variables is essential The appropriate statistical test changes as we change the method for estimating the parameters

3. Summarize Univariate Validation Tests If the data are stationary and you want to simulate using the historical mean Distribution –Use Normal as =NORM(Ῡ, σ Y ) or –Empirical as =EMP(Historical Ys) Validation Tests for Univariate distribution –Compare Two Series tab in Simetar Student-t test of means as H 0 : Ῡ Hist = Ῡ Sim F test of variances as H 0 : σ 2 Hist = σ 2 Sim You want both tests to Fail to Reject the null H 0

4. Summarize Univariate Validation Tests If the data are stationary and you want to simulate using a mean that is not equal to the historical mean Distribution –Use Empirical as a fraction of the mean so the S i = Sorted((Y i - Ῡ)/Ῡ) and simulate using the formula Ỹ = Ῡ (new mean) * ( 1 + EMP(S i, F(S i ), [CUSD i ] )) Validation Tests for Univariate distribution –Test Parameters Student-t test of means as H 0 : Ῡ New Mean = Ῡ Sim Chi-Square test of Std Dev as H 0 : σ Hist = σ Sim You want both tests to Fail to Reject the null H 0

5. Summarize Univariate Validation Tests If the data are non-stationary and you use OLS, Trend, or time series to project Ŷ Distribution –Use =NORM(Ŷ, Standard Deviation of Residuals) –Use Empirical and the residuals as fractions of Ŷ calculated for S i = Sorted((Y i - Ŷ j )/Ŷ) and simulate each variable using Ỹ i = Ŷ i * (1+ EMP(S i, F(S i ) )) Validation Tests for Univariate distribution –Test Parameters Student-t test of means as H 0 : Ŷ New Mean = Ῡ Sim Chi-Square test of Std Dev as H 0 : σ ê = σ Sim You want both tests to Fail to Reject the null H 0

6. Summarize Univariate Validation Tests If the data have a cycle, seasonal, or structural pattern and you use OLS or any econometric forecasting method to project Ŷ Distribution –Use =NORM(Ŷ, σ ê standard deviation of residuals) –Use Empirical and the residuals as fractions of Ŷ calculated for S i = Sorted((Y i - Ŷ)/Ŷ) and simulate using the formula Ỹ = Ŷ * (1 + EMP(S i, F(S i ) )) Validation Tests for Univariate distribution –Test Parameters tab Student-t test of means as H 0 : Ŷ New Mean = Ῡ Sim Chi-Square test of Std Dev as H 0 : σ ê = σ Sim You want both tests to Fail to Reject the null H 0

7. Summarize Multivariate Validation Tests If the data are stationary and you want to simulate using the historical means and variance Distribution –Use Normal =MVNORM(Ῡ vector, ∑ matrix) or –Empirical =MVEMP(Historical Ys,,,, Ῡ vector, 0) Validation Tests for Multivariate distributions –Compare Two Series for 10 or fewer variables Hotelling T 2 test of mean vectors as H 0 : Ῡ Hist = Ῡ Sim Box’s M Test of Covariances as H 0 : ∑ Hist = ∑ Sim Complete Homogeneity Test of mean vectors and covariance simultaneously You want all three tests to Fail to Reject the null H 0 –Check Correlation Performs a Student-t test on each correlation coefficient in the correlation matrix: H 0 : ρ Hist = ρ Sim You want all calculated t statistics to be less than the Critical Value t statistic so you fail to reject each t test (Not Bold)

8. Summarize Multivariate Validation Tests If you want to simulate using projected means such that Ŷ t ≠ Ῡ history Distribution –Use Normal as = MVNORM(Ŷ Vector, ∑matrix) or –Empirical as = MVEMP(Historical Ys,,,, Ŷ vector, 2) Validation Tests for Multivariate distribution –Check Correlation Performs a Student-t test on each correlation coefficient in the matrix: H 0 : ρ Hist = ρ Sim You want all calculated t statistics to be less than the Critical Value t statistic so you fail to reject each t test –Test Parameters, for each j variable Student-t test of means as H 0 : Ŷ Projected j = Ῡ Sim j Chi-Square test of Std Dev as H 0 : σ ê j = σ Sim j

9. Using a Simulation Model Now lets change gears Assume we have a working simulation model The Model has the following parts –Input section where the user enters all input values that are management control variables and exogenous policy or time series data –Stochastic variables that have been validated –Equations to calculate all dependent variables –Equations to calculate the KOVs –A KOV table to send to the simulation engine

10. Scenario and Sensitivity Analysis Simetar simulation engine controls –Number of scenarios –Sensitivity analysis –Sensitivity elasticities

11. Scenario Analysis Base scenario – complete simulation of the model for 500 or more iterations with all variables set at their initial or base values Alternative scenario – complete simulation of the model for 500 or more iterations with one or more of the control variables changed from the Base All scenarios must use the same random values Scenario loop Iteration loop IS = 1, M Change management variables (X) from one scenario to the next IT = 1, N Next scenario Use the same random values for all random variables, so identical risk for each scenario

12. Scenario Analysis All values in the model are held constant and you systematically change one or more variables –Number of scenarios determined by analyst –Random number seed is held constant and this forces Simetar to use the same random values for the stochastic variables for every scenario –Use =SCENARIO() Simetar function to increment each of the scenario control variables

13. Example of a Scenario Table 5 Scenarios for the risk and VC Purpose is to look at the impacts of different management scenarios on net returns

14. Scenario Table of the Controls Create as big of table as needed Add all control variables into the table

15. Results of the Scenario Analysis

16. Example Scenario Table of Controls

17. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis seeks to determine how sensitive the KOVs are to small changes in one particular variable –Does net return change a little or a lot when you change variable cost per unit? –Does NPV change greatly if the assumed fixed cost changes? Simulate the model numerous times changing the “change” variable for each simulation –Must ensure that the same random values are used for each simulation Simetar has a sensitivity option that insures the same random values used for each run

18. Sensitivity Analysis Simetar uses the Simulation Engine to specify the change variable and the percentage changes to test Specify as many KOVs as you want Simulate the model and 7 scenarios are run

19. Demonstrate Sensitivity Simulation Change the Price per unit as follows –+ or – 5% –+ or – 10% –+ or – 15% Simulates the model 7 times –The initial value you typed in –Two runs for + and – 5% for the control variable –Two runs for + and – 10% for the control variable –Two runs for + and – 15% for the control variable Collect the statistics for only few KOVs For demonstration purposes collect results for the variable doing the sensitivity test on –Could collect the results for several KOVs

20. Sensitivity Results Test Sensitivity of the price received for the product being manufactured on Net Cash Income

21. Sensitivity Results

22. Sensitivity Elasticities (SE) Sensitivity of a KOV with respect to (wrt) multiple variables in the model can be estimated and displayed in terms of elasticities, calculated as: SE ij = % Change KOV i % Change Variable j Calculate SE’s for a KOV i wrt change variables j at each iteration and then calculate the average and standard deviation of the SE SE ij ’s can be calculated for small changes in Control Variables j, say, 1% to 5% –Necessary to simulate base with all values set initially –Simulate model for an x% change in V j –Simulate model for an x% change in V j+1

23. Sensitivity Elasticities The more sensitive the KOV is to a variable, V j, the larger the SE ij Display the SE ij ’s in a table and chart

24. Sensitivity Elasticities