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Ocean Planet & The Great Migration
Life in the Paleozoic Ocean Planet & The Great Migration
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Late Middle Paleozoic Early Myr
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Vertebrate Evolution From Pikaia to Cheney
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Phylum Chordata Including Subphylum Vertebrata
Notochord Nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits Vertebrates Vertebral column replaces notochord & skull encloses brain
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Phylogeny Reminder Fish --> Amphibians --> Reptiles --> Mammals
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Think in terms of common ancestors and speciation
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Fish Phylogeny
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Fish: Jawless Fish (Agnatha)
Cephalasphid Early Paleozoic ostracoderms. (A) Thelodus, (B) Pteraspis, (C) Jamoytius, and (D) Hemicyclaspis, drawn to the same scale.
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Modern Agnatha: Sea Lamprey
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Origin of Jaws
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Fish: Armored Fish (Placoderms)
Dunkleosteus Bothriolepis Extinct
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Fish: Armored Fish (Acanthodians)
Armor - a form of phosphorus storage? Extinct Acanthodes
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Fish: Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
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Modern Chondrichthyes (Sharks & Rays)
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Fish: Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
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Osteichthyes: Ray Fined
Subclass: Actinopterygii Rays
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Ray Finned Fish Sturgeon Longnose Gar
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Ray Finned Fish: Teleosts
Weedy Sea Dragon 96% of today’s fish Zebrafish
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Osteichthyes: Lobe Finned
Subclass: Sarcopterygii
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Lobe Finned Fish Coelacanth
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Lobe Finned Fish Lungfish Eusthenopteron
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The Great Migration (Silurian/Devonian)
Plants, Insects, Vertebrates (Tetrapods)
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Amphibians
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Amphibians Wood Frog Eggs
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Lobe Fins to Amphibians
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Acanthostega (Upper Devonian)
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Ichthyostega (Upper Devonian)
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Advantages to Moving onto Land
Lots of light for photosynthesis Easy access to oxygen and carbon dioxide Less competition Rich source of nutrients an (eventually) food Fewer predators
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Challenges to Moving onto Land
Conserving water - not drying out Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases Overcoming gravity Reproduction Exposure to UV
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Vertebrate Solutions Conserving water - not drying out
Obtaining & circulating water, food & gases Overcoming gravity Reproduction Exposure to UV Leathery skin & scales 3 or 4 chambered heart Modified skeletal arrangement Internal Fertilization & Amniotic Egg
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Amniotic Egg Encloses embryo in water
Regulates oxygen.carbon dioxide exchange Amniotic Egg Food Collects wastes = Freedom from Oceans
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Permian Reptile Egg
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Modern Reptile Skin
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The Amniotes Classified based on skull structure
Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) The Amniotes Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles)
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Amniote Cladogram About 300 Myr
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Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles)
Early Permian - Labidosaurus
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Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles)
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Early Synapsids (Mammal-Like Reptiles)
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Pelycosaurs (Sail Fins)
Temperature control? Dimetrodon
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Therapsids (Permian Synapsids)
Dicynodonts Cynodont
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More on Synapsid, Mammal, and Reptile Evolution in the Mesozoic…
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