13. “Multiple-Stable States” Changes in: Species diversity Opportunistic species Incidence of disease Tightness of nutrient cycling Net Primary Production Natural Range of Stable States Degraded/ Loss of integrity

14. HRV Historical Range of Variability Figure from Aplet and Keeton (1999)

15. Multiple Pathways of Succession: f (Timing, Type, and Intensity of Disturbances + Masting and Seed Availability) From Hemstrom and Logan (1986), in Spies (1997)

18. Climate DirectIndirec t Effects on Organisms (Physiological, etc.) Effects on Disturbance Regimes Ecosystem Composition and Function

20. Multiple stressors produce a vulnerable landscape * *Text and figure reprinted with permission from D.L. Peterson et al. 1999.

21. 300 0 Biomass (Mg/ha) Stand Age (years) 0100200400300 ? Empirical Data from Keeton et al. (2007) and others Empirical Data from Bormann and Likens (1979) Theoretical Projections from Bormann and Likens (1979)

22. 304.5 Mg/ha 216.6 Mg/ha 292.3 Mg/ha 178.9 Mg/ha 251.6 Mg/ha 223.8 Mg/ha 55.9 Mg/ha 80.7 Mg/ha