1. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 1 General overview about ecosan Christine Werner, Heinz-Peter Mang, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India

2. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 2 Content  Introduction to ecosan  ecosan technologies  ecosan pilot projects  GTZ-ecosan programme  urban ecosan systems

3. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 3 shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation  The idea, that human excreta are wastes with no useful purpose is a modern misconception. It has led to the develop- ment of so-called “drop and store” or “flush and forget” sanitation solutions, where precious drinking water is used to transport excreta into the water cycle misusing our rivers, oceans and aquifers as a sink for untreated waste. Introduction to ecosan

4. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 4 shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation  Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide  Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks  Consumption of precious water for transport of waste  High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs  Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements  Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters  Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in combined, central systems  Linear end-of-pipe technology Introduction to ecosan

5. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 5 Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Polluted groundwater Nitrates Viruses Pathogens shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Introduction to ecosan

6. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 6 excreta are a valuable resource million tons per year (as N + P 2 O 5 + K 2 O) 135 50 www.fertilizer.org  farmers around the world yearly require 135 Mio tons of mineral fertiliser for their crops, while at the same time conventional sanitation dumps 50 Mio tons of fertiliser equivalents from so called wastewater flows into our water bodies - nutrients with a market value of around 15 Billion US dollars. Introduction to ecosan

7. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 7 NUTRIENTS closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture FOOD Pathogen destruction principles of ecosan Introduction to ecosan

8. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 8 closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture restoring soil fertility treatment / hygienization water reuse no waste disposal in water bodies rainwater harvesting food organic waste faeces urine greywater agricultural use Introduction to ecosan

9. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 9 advantages of ecological sanitation  Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle  Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy  Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity  Conservation of resources  Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions  Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach  Material flow cycle instead of disposal Introduction to ecosan

10. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 10 Introduction to ecosan eco-sanitation concepts and strategies eco-sanitation…  … is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal  … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies  … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered.  Human excreta and domestic used water are not wastes but are important natural resources !

11. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 11 Climate protection Flood protection Resource conservation Business and labour promotion Food security Health Sustainable agriculture + Conservation of soil fertility Integrated Water Resources Management ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach Introduction to ecosan

12. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 12 Organics kg COD/ (Person·year) 12.3 3.6 14.1 Volume Liter / (Person·year) 500 l 50 l source: Otterpohl Nutrient content kg N,P,K / (Person·year) N P K 0.8 5.3 1.0 composition of household wastewater Introduction to ecosan greywaterurine faeces 10.000 – 200.000 l

13. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 13 source: Drangert, 1998 fertilizer potential of human excreta Introduction to ecosan

14. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 14 Introduction to ecosan eco-sanitation concepts and strategies To optimise cost efficient, high quality treatment and recycling options, two principles are very often being applied in ecosan systems:  flow streams with different characteristics, such as faeces, urine and greywater, are often collected separately. Rainwater harvesting and the treatment of organic waste and animal manure can also be integrated into the concepts.  the unnecessary dilution of the flow streams is avoided, for example by using dry, low flush or vacuum transport systems. This minimises the consumption of valuable drinking water and produces high valued concentrations of recyclables.

15. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 15  World demand for phosphate fertilizers continues to expand in relation to increased world population and food requirements.  For the period 2003-07, world phosphate consumption is forecasted to increase by 2.6% annually.  Within about 60 years, all reserved phosphate are expected to be mined.  Future conflicts on the access to phosphate are likely, due to the limited reserves and the concentration of significant minable resources in a very small number of countries. source: US Geological survey, 2003 phosphate Introduction to ecosan

16. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 16 CategoryUse Person / Group exposed Nematodes [Eggs / kg] Feacal coliforms [number / 100 g] A Application to field crop (used for raw food) worker, consumer, public </= 1</= 1000 B Application to field crop (for industrial use, feedstock, trees) worker</= 1 no suggested standard C Local application to field crop of cat. B, without contact to persons nonenot relevant WHO guidelines for agricultural use of treated water Introduction to ecosan

17. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 17 One person can provide enough nutrients for: 200 m 2 to 400 m 2 agricultural production area, depending on soil and plant type, but: agricultural utilisation of nutrients Introduction to ecosan 1.a multi-barrier concept is recommended for securing hygienic safety in the reuse of human faeces and urine in agriculture:  Awareness raising and education on hygiene and reuse aspects  Proper pre-treatment (storage, drying, composting, anaerobic digestion, heating, filtration, irradiation with UV etc.)  Suitable „handling“ (with security measures)  Limitation to specific vegetables and field crops, or to specific vegetation periods, depending on pre-treatment 2.the crops nutrient needs have to be respected (no over- fertilisation) with respect to crop quality and environmental concerns

18. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 18 e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater centralized nutrient processing facility centralized greywater sewer system and treatment centralized sewer system and treatment recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through reuse of wastewater Partially decentralizedCentralizedFully decentralized small-scale closed cycles of water and materials source: Larsen, 2001 centralised and decentralized systems Introduction to ecosan

19. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 19 Projected costs for sanitation service for 5000 inhabitants, Germany Vacuum urine-diversion toilet source: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Conventional toilet (WC) Composting urine diversion toilet Time (year) Cost cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Introduction to ecosan

20. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 20 benefits of ecological sanitation  safe sanitation source: www.virtualmuseum.ca source: Johannes Heeb ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India  healthy environment Introduction to ecosan

21. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 21 benefits of ecological sanitation  restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse source: Vinnerås, 2003  improved soil quality through reuse of organics urine faeces & urine none compost improved soil untreated soil after one week without water source: Petter Jenssen Introduction to ecosan

22. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 22 benefits of ecological sanitation  recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country)  energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment  reuse of water source: Petter Jenssen Introduction to ecosan

23. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 23 overview of ecosan technology-components ecosan technologies

24. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 24 examples of urine diverting toilets Wost-Man, Sweden  waterless: faeces and urine without flush Roediger, Germany Dubletten, Sweden GTZ, Mali China  dry/wet: faeces without, urine with flush  dry/wet: faeces with, urine without flush  wet: faeces & urine with flush ecosan technologies

25. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 25 Lambertsmühle, Germany Mon Museum, Sweden vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany waterless urinals ecosan technologies Ernst Urimat Keramag

26. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 26 composting toilet, Germany (Berger Biotechnik) ecosan technologies examples of composting toilets Sweden

27. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 27 examples of dehydrating toilets rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Mali school toilet facility, China ecosan technologies two chamber systems

28. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 28 examples of dehydrating toilets “Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa “SolaSan”-prefabricated system, South Africa various dehydration systems (with and without urine separation) ecosan technologies

29. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 29 vacuum systems elements: vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station advantages: water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic) manufacturer: i.e. Roediger GmbH ecosan technologies

30. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 30 anaerobic treatment with biogas production ecosan technologies small-scale biogas plants: decentralized treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste

31. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 31 large scale biogas plants ecosan technologies

32. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 32 membrane technology  Highly effective removal of soluable and biodegradable materials in wastewater stream  selective permeable membrane (pore sizes < bacteria)  treated water recycle potential for non-potable application  compact, flexible system ecosan technologies

33. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 33 earthworm treatment system example in South Africa: ecosan technologies

34. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 34 aqua culture  wastewater treatment by aquatic plants and fish with nutrient recyling by human consumption  offers high quality protein at low cost  predominantly in Asian countries  fish production of 1-6 tons/ha·year) achieved duckweed tilapia carp ecosan technologies

35. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 35 fishfarming with wastewater from ducks, poultry or pigs husbandry (Asia) source: Nils de Pauw ecosan technologies

36. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 36 constructed wetlands vertical flow source: Cemagref Niels De Pauw ecosan technologies horizontal flow source: Comax International Ltd.  treatment of wastewater or greywater  effective in the removal of BOD, TSS, pathogen and nitrogen  effluent can be reused  aesthetically appealing

37. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 37 Constructed wetland with biomass production source: EU Fair, 2003  Combined wastewater treatment and bio-fuel production from willow plantations (example in Sweden)  Cost and energy effective ecosan technologies

38. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 38 „epuvalisation“ nutrient recycling (Senegal) ecosan technologies

39. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 39 Various containers for urine storage: Gebers, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany ecosan technologies urine storage

40. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 40 direct injection of liquid fertiliser dried faeces - „soil amelioration“) irrigationurban agriculture composting with organic waste agricultural use urban agriculture ecosan technologies

41. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 41 ecosan pilot projects basic types of ecosan projects

42. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 42 Greywater treatment in constructed wetlands Storm water infiltration in swales Vacuum pipe Vacuum toilet Biowaste shredder Transport of blackwater and biowaste Central technical building source: Otterwasser GmbH, Germany ecosan pilot projects eco-settlement for 350 people eco-settlement Lübeck – Flintenbreite, Germany

43. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 43 apartments with greywater treatment and constructed wetlands vacuum station, sanitization tank and biogas treatment plant for the collection and treatment of diluted blackwater ecosan pilot projects eco-settlement Lübeck – Flintenbreite, Germany

44. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 44 ecosan public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ)  Public toilet: separate collection of urine, faeces and anal cleaning water  Co-composting of faeces with paper ecosan pilot projects Source: Johannes Heeb

45. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 45 Current collection- transport-, treatment- and reuse- system public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ) ecosan pilot projects

46. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 46 New Zealand compost toilet (bin) ecosan pilot projects greywater wasteland

47. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 47 biogas-program Dhapasi, Nepal toilet wastewater and manure is used in a household biogas plant biogas is used for cooking, organic sludge is used to fertilise the garden ecosan pilot projects

48. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 48 Urine diverting concrete slabGreywater garden experimental on- site sanitation module consisting of a urine diverting dehydrating latrine, shower and greywater garden ecosan pilot projects experimental on-site sanitation in Koulikoro, Mali (supported by GTZ)

49. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 49  large scale field test on soilisation of sewage sludge using vegetation (IPP Consult) Soilisation bed with grass ecosan pilot projects Egypt (supported by GTZ)

50. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 50 Introduction of ecosan systems in three communities: dehydration toilets, urine separation and fertilization of gardens with urine urine diversion toilet made out of plastic Awareness workshop on a village level ecosan pilot projects integrated natural resources management in Botswana (supported by IUCN, DED, GTZ)

51. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 51  1 st step (2002): small bore sewer grid for 8 houses, a biogas-septic tank unit, upflow filter based on recycled plastic bottles, wetland, 800m² vegetable and fruit garden, two household connections for the biogas as full cooking energy source  2 nd step (2003): field tests of black-, greywater and urine separation ecosan pilot projects biogas septic tanks Lesotho (supported by GTZ and DED)

52. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 52 ecosan-study and reuse experiments in Havana, Cuba (supported by GTZ)  Study of options for reuse of urine and faeces in existing urban agriculture in Havana ecosan pilot projects improved soil quality through reuse of organics

53. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 53 participatory development of ecosan solutions in Gibeon and Marienthal, Namibia (supported by GTZ)  Information, awareness building, situation and stakeholder analysis  Participatory development of ecosan concepts  Pilot and demonstration units (fixed and movable dehydration toilets with urine diversion) ecosan pilot projects

54. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 54 pig – toilet – biogas – vegetable  combined with Greenhouse Production  more than 1,000,000 times in peri-urban areas of Megacities in Northern China  Use of nutrients, organics, energy and carbon dioxyde Chinese „four in one“ model ecosan pilot projects

55. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 55 ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China (supported by SIDA and Unicef)  Large ecosan project in the phase of up- scaling  1997, pilot project funded by SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village  1998, 10.000 urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi  2002, 100.000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi  2003, 685.000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health)  Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing ecosan pilot projects Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua

56. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 56 urine diverting dry toilets Guangxi-Province, China ecosan pilot projects

57. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 57 ecosan pilot projects urine diverting dry toilets Guangxi-Province, China

58. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 58 examples in Guanxi province, China Very remote village: No water supply, difficult transport, + biogas plants for manure Public school ecosan pilot projects

59. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 59 household biogas latrines By 2002: 11 million households Data: Ministry of Agriculture ecosan pilot projects

60. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 60 decentralized treatment for municipal sewerage DEWATS /LOMWATS Decentralized wastewater treatment systems Low maintenance wastewater treatment systems Biogas Digestors By 2002: 115.176 plants Data: Ministry of Agriculture Baffled septic tank ecosan pilot projects

61. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 61  ecosan components to be integrated in the Changzhou - Yangzhou “Eco-City-Programme”  Baselinestudy completed, feasibility study planned Model of eco-planned „Golden City“ Floriculture ecosan pilot projects Eco-City, Jiangsu province, China ( supported by GTZ)

62. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 62 ecosan concept since 2003:  Greywater recycling  Rainwater harvesting  Vacuum wastewater collection ecosan pilot projects KfW office building Palmengarten, Germany

63. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 63 urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals ecosan pilot projects GTZ headquarters, main building, Germany ecosan concept: separation, processing and agricultural reuse of urine (implementation 2004/2005)

64. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 64 Indonesia India Eritrea Jordan Turkey Bulgaria Algeria Benin Kenya Lesotho Namibia Zambia China Cuba Burkina Faso Peru Egypt Botswana Mali Yemen Ecuador El Salvador Afghanistan Philippines Germany Vietnam Iran ecosan pilot projects GTZ supported ecosan pilot projects around the world

65. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 65 urban ecosan concepts Conventional Wastewater System

66. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 66 urban ecosan concepts

67. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 67 urban ecosan concepts food faeces urine greywater drinking water Periphery

68. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 68 urban ecosan concepts

69. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 69 urban ecosan concepts food faeces urine greywater treated greywater drinking water Residential Area

70. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 70 urban ecosan concepts

71. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 71 urban ecosan concepts food faeces urine greywater treated greywater drinking water irrigation of urban green Downtown Area biogas plant vacuum sewerage

72. overview on ecosan 01-03-2005, IESNI 2nd workshop, Pune, India 72 urban ecosan concepts