1. NSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS 9 - SEARCHING FOR LIFE IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM: THE INNER PLANETS Dr. Karen Kolehmainen Department of Physics CSUSB http://physics.csusb.edu/~karen/

2. EARTH’S MOON  DIAMETER: 27% EARTH  MASS: 1.2% EARTH  DENSITY: 3.3 gm/cm³  SUNLIGHT: 1 EARTH  TEMP: 160 to 400 K (-110 to 130 o C or –170 to 260 o F)  ATMOSPHERE: NONE  WATER: NO LIQUID WATER, BUT PERMANENT ICE IN A FEW CRATERS NEAR THE POLES THAT NEVER GET SUNLIGHT  SURFACE: ROCKY, HEAVILY CRATERED, SMOOTHER MARIA (FORMED VIA LAVA FLOODING BASINS AFTER LARGE IMPACTS), NO CURRENT GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (COOL SOLID INTERIOR)

5. TIDAL FORCES THINK ABOUT THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF THE MOON PULLING ON THE EARTH. THE SIDE OF THE EARTH THAT IS CLOSEST TO THE MOON EXPERIENCES A STRONGER FORCE THAN DOES THE SIDE OF THE EARTH THAT IS FARTHEST FROM THE MOON. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FORCES ON DIFFERENT SIDES OF THE EARTH CAUSES TIDES. (OCEANS CAN ALTER SHAPE MORE EASILY THAN ROCK.) EARTH ROTATES INSIDE TIDAL BULGES, PRODUCING TWO HIGH TIDES PER DAY. FRICTION BETWEEN WATER AND OCEAN BOTTOM IS SLOWING DOWN EARTH’S ROTATION.

7. TIDAL FORCES EARTH ALSO EXERTS TIDAL FORCES ON THE MOON. THE MOON HAS NO OCEANS, BUT THE ROCK ITSELF IS DISTORTED INTO AN ELONGATED SHAPE. THE MOON WAS ORIGINALLY ROTATING FASTER, BUT AS IT ROTATED, THE SHAPE WAS CONTINUALLY DISTORTED TO KEEP THE BULGE POINTED TOWARED THE EARTH. THE RESULTING FRICTION SLOWED DOWN THE MOON’S ROTATION UNTIL IT NOW ROTATES ONLY ONCE PER ORBIT. SYNCHRONOUS ROTATION: THE MOON NOW KEEPS ONE SIDE FACING THE EARTH. THIS HAS ALSO HAPPENED WITH MOST MOONS OF OUTER PLANETS.

10. MERCURY  DIAMETER: 38% EARTH  MASS: 5% EARTH  DENSITY: 5.4 gm/cm³  SUNLIGHT: 6.5 X EARTH  TEMP: 100 to 700 K (-170 to 430 o C or –280 to 800 o F)  ATMOSPHERE: NONE  WATER: NONE  SURFACE: ROCKY, HEAVILY CRATERED, NO CURRENT GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

13. LIFE ON EARTH’S MOON OR MERCURY? PROBABLY NOT PROBLEMS: –NO ATMOSPHERE (MOON AND MERCURY HAVE TOO LOW A MASS, THEIR GRAVITY CAN'T HOLD ONTO LIGHT GAS MOLECULES) NO PROTECTION FROM UV BOMBARDMENT OR COSMIC RAYS NO LIQUID WATER (OR ANY OTHER LIQUID THAT COULD SERVE AS A SOLVENT) LARGE TEMPERATURE EXTREMES (ESPECIALLY ON MERCURY)

14. VENUS  DIAMETER: 95% EARTH  MASS: 82% EARTH  DENSITY: 5.3 gm/cm³  SUNLIGHT: 2 X EARTH  TEMP: 730 K (460 o C or 850 o F), NOT MUCH VARIATION  ATMOSPHERE: 97% CO 2, 3% N 2, 90 X EARTH PRESSURE, SULFURIC ACID CLOUDS  WATER: NONE  SURFACE: ROCKY, CRATERED, RECENT LAVA FLOWS, UNCLEAR WHETHER ANY CURRENT GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

19. GREENHOUSE EFFECT  SUNLIGHT ABSORBED BY PLANET’S SURFACE  ENERGY RE-RADIATED FROM GROUND AS INFRARED  INFRARED RADIATION ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GASES: CO 2,H 2 O, CH 4, OTHERS  ATMOSPHERE WARMS, RADIATES EXCESS HEAT TO SPACE (AS BLACKBODY)  EVENTUALLY EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED SO THAT ENERGY ABSORBED = ENERGY RADIATED, AND TEMPERATURE STABILIZES - EARTH 40K (OR 72 o F) HOTTER - MARS 5K (OR 9 o F)HOTTER - VENUS 400K (OR 720 o F)HOTTER

20. WHY ISN’T THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT MORE IMPORTANT ON EARTH? LIMESTONE ROCKS (CALCIUM CARBONATE OR CaCO 3 ) FORMED IN OCEANS. MOST CO 2 (170,000 x MORE THAN IN OUR ATMOSPHERE) IS DISSOLVED IN SEA WATER AND LOCKED UP IN LIMESTONE. IF IT WEREN’T, GREENHOUSE EFFECT WOULD BE MUCH MORE SEVERE. HUMAN INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY IS ADDING GREENHOUSE GASES TO ATMOSPHERE, RESULTING IN GLOBAL WARMING.

21. WHY IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SO IMPORTANT ON VENUS? TEMPERATURE ON PRE-GREENHOUSE VENUS WOULD HAVE BEEN ~350 TO 400 K, TOO HOT FOR LIQUID WATER THEREFORE ALL WATER ON VENUS EVAPORATED H 2 0 VAPOR IS A GREENHOUSE GAS AND INCREASED TEMPERATURE FURTHER MOST H 2 0 VAPOR WAS PHOTODISSOCIATED, H ESCAPED TO SPACE, O COMBINED WITH OTHER ELEMENTS NO OCEANS  NO CARBONATE ROCKS TO ABSORB CO 2, SO IT REMAINS IN ATMOSPHERE

22. LIFE ON VENUS? PROBABLY NOT PROBLEMS: –WAY TOO HOT DUE TO RUNAWAY GREENHOUSE EFFECT –NO LIQUID WATER (OR ANY OTHER LIQUID THAT COULD SERVE AS A SOLVENT) –ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE VERY HIGH (ALTHOUGH NO HIGHER THAN AT SOME HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ON EARTH)

23. MARS DIAMETER: 53% EARTH MASS: 11% EARTH DENSITY: 3.9 gm/cm³ SUNLIGHT: 43% OF EARTH TEMP: 180 TO 280 K (-90 TO 7 o C OR –135 TO 45 o F) ATMOSPHERE: 95% CO 2, 3% N 2, 2% Ar, H 2 O & CO 2 CLOUDS, <1% OF EARTH PRESSURE WATER: POLAR ICE CAPS, SUB-SURFACE PERMAFROST(?), LARGE AMOUNTS (?) OF LIQUID WATER ON SURFACE WHEN PLANET WAS YOUNG SURFACE: ROCKY, CRATERED, FORMER (BUT MAYBE NOT CURRENT?) GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

25. January 1997 October 1996March 1997

35. EVIDENCE FOR WATER ON MARS IN THE DISTANT PAST: –DRY RIVER CHANNELS –ERODED FEATURES –PRESENCE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF ROCKS THAT PROBABLY FORMED IN WATER –SALTY OCEAN? MORE RECENTLY? –SOME DRAINAGE FEATURES LOOK YOUNG AND UNERODED. –PERHAPS THERE IS STILL SUB-SURFACE WATER, AND OCCASIONALLY A LANDSLIDE ON THE SIDE OF A CLIFF (OR SOME SIMILAR EVENT) FREES SOME WATER TO RUN OUT BRIEFLY ONTO THE SURFACE.

36. 180 120 60 0 300 240 300120 180 60 0 60° 30° 0°0° -30° -60° 180°240°300° 0°0° 60°120°180° 8 4 0 -4 -8

37. CHALLENGES THAT LIFE ON MARS WOULD FACE LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE NO LIQUID WATER ON SURFACE (ATMOSPHERE IS TOO THIN – WATER WOULD BOIL) COLD LARGE DAILY TEMPERATURE VARIATION ULTRAVIOLET BOMBARDMENT OF SURFACE (NO OZONE LAYER)

38. VIKING LANDER EXPERIMENTS: TESTS FOR LIFE CARBON ASSIMILATION: MARTIAN SOIL EXPOSED TO RADIOACTIVELY LABELED ( 14 C) CO 2 AND CO GAS, LOOK FOR 14 C IN SOIL (PRESUMABLY WOULD HAVE GOTTEN THERE VIA METABOLIC PROCESSES IN ORGANISMS) RESULTS: FOUND 14 C IN SOIL, BUT… HEAT-STERILIZED SOIL GAVE SAME RESULTS CAN BE EXPLAINED NON-BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS LABELED RELEASE: RADIOACTIVELY LABELED ( 14 C) NUTRIENTS DRIPPED ON SOIL, LOOK FOR 14 C IN GAS ABOVE (RELEASED VIA METABOLIC PROCESSES) RESULTS: FOUND 14 C LABELED GAS, BUT… CAN BE EXPLAINED BY INTERACTION OF BROTH AND PEROXIDES (NON-ORGANIC CHEMICALS) IN SOIL, PRODUCING CO 2

39. VIKING LANDER EXPERIMENTS: TESTS FOR LIFE GAS EXCHANGE: ADD MARTIAN SOIL TO NUTRIENT BROTH; LOOK FOR O 2, CO 2, N 2, H 2, OR CH 4 ADDED TO GAS ABOVE –RESULTS: O 2 PRODUCED, BUT… –ALSO PRODUCED WHEN DONE IN DARKNESS –ALSO PRODUCED WHEN SOIL WAS HEAT-STERILIZED –ALSO PRODUCED WHEN WATER REPLACED BROTH –CAN RESULT FROM CHEMICAL (NOT BIOLOGICAL) INTERACTION WITH WATER IN BROTH GAS CHROMATOGRAPH - MASS SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS: BAKE SOIL UNTIL VOLATILES OUTGAS, LOOK FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES –RESULTS: NONE FOUND

40. MARTIAN METEORITE ALH84001 ONE OF 19 KNOWN METEORITES OF MARTIAN ORIGIN MARTIAN ORIGIN DETERMINED BY –COMPOSITION: VOLCANIC ROCK –ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES –TRAPPED BUBBLES OF GAS CONSISTENT WITH KNOWN COMPOSITION OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE HOW DID IT GET HERE? –BLASTED OFF MARS IN AN IMPACT 16 MILLION YEARS AGO –ORBITED THE SUN FOR NEARLY 16 MILLION YEARS –COLLIDED WITH EARTH 13,000 YEARS AGO –FOUND IN ANTARCTICA IN 1984

41. CONTENTS OF ALH84001 CARBONATE GLOBULES –INDICATE PAST PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER –HAVE A LAYERED STRUCTURE THAT LIVING ORGANISMS CAN PRODUCE –BUT THERE ARE NON-BIOLOGICAL WAYS OF PRODUCING LAYERING AS WELL MAGNETITE CRYSTALS –SIMILAR TO THOSE PRODUCED BY TERRESTRIAL BACTERIA –BUT MAY HAVE A NON-BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN

42. CONTENTS OF ALH84001 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) –ORGANIC MATERIALS USUALLY PRODUCED BY DECAY OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH –BUT COULD BE PRODUCED IN NON-BIOLOGICAL WAYS, OR BE A RESULT OF CONTAMINATION AFTER LANDING IN ANTARCTICA TINY (100 NM) ROD-SHAPED STRUCTURES –RESEMBLE FOSSIL ANAEROBIC EARTH BACTERIA –BUT MUCH SMALLER –PROBABLY TOO SMALL TO BE REAL FOSSILS –COULD BE NON-BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF THE SAME SHAPE SOME TERRESTRIAL BACTERIA –PROOF OF CONTAMINATION

43. PROSPECTS FOR LIFE ON MARS NO KNOWN EARTH LIFE FORM (NOT EVEN EXTREMOPHILES) COULD SURVIVE ON THE SURFACE OF MARS. SOME TERRESTRIAL EXTREMOPHILES MIGHT BE ABLE TO SURVIVE UNDERGROUND ON MARS. IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE HOW LIFE COULD ARISE UNDER CURRENT MARTIAN CONDITIONS. BUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO, THERE WAS A THICKER ATMOSPHERE AND LIQUID WATER. COULD LIFE HAVE EVOLVED ON MARS THEN? IF SO, MARS MAY HAVE SEEDED EARTH WITH LIFE ??

44. PROSPECTS FOR LIFE ON MARS COULD LIFE HAVE EVOLVED 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO (OR EARLIER), AND SINCE EVOLVED TO ADAPT TO HARSH CONDITIONS? IF SO, IT MAY STILL SURVIVE –UNDERGROUND (WATER, UV PROTECTION) –AT EDGE OF POLAR CAPS WE NEED TO GO THERE AND CHECK!

45. SUMMARY THERE IS DEFINITELY NO COMPLEX LIFE ON MARS SIMPLE LIFE FORMS MAY HAVE EVOLVED LONG AGO ON MARS, AND THEN EITHER BECAME EXTINCT OR ADAPTED TO SURVIVE UNDERGROUND AND/OR IN SPECIALIZED LOCATIONS WHAT WENT WRONG? –MARS IS TOO LIGHT, GRAVITY IS TOO WEAK, COULDN’T HOLD ONTO ITS ATMOSPHERE –ATMOSPHERIC LOSS HELPED BY IMPACTS AND/OR SOLAR WIND