1. Economy Explaining the Economic Miracle

2. Reverse course: a precondition? Or betrayal? zContext of deepening “cold war” zFear of left in Japan zFrom about 1947: zCrackdown on labor zRetreat from zaibatsu dissolution zPurge of communists, 1950 zDe-purge of some of “old guard”

3. Explaining “stabilization” zStability ≠ stagnation or lack of change zHybrid result: mix of promoting, managing, resisting, change ySCAP mobilizes existing constituencies, shifts balance among them yEffectively: land, labor cases yLess effect: zaibatsu dissolution, education, policing yEconomic recovery also critical

4. Revival to Miracle [to Lost Decade] Low expectations, and devastation, 1945-50 Economic miracle, 1950-75 Economic mess [deferred]

5. The Record of Growth Bleak era through 1947; modest gains at best through 1950 priority production: one harbinger of recovery1947, targets iron/steel & coal light machinery: cameras, watches, radios and sewing machines

7. Toward Recovery 1949-50: Dodge line and Korean War Considerable impact on inflation, but no recovery in sight Would it have worked, alone? Program of radical retrenchment 1950 Korean war: gift of gods? "special procurements." Worth 590 million dollars in 1951, 800 million each in 1952, 1953. 60% to 70% of all export revenues, 1951-53

8. The Record of Growth The high growth miracle: 1950-90 10 percent annually, through 1974 continued moderate, strong growth --> 1990/91

9. Explaining Growth international factors high international growth tripling of international trade cheap energy accessible new technologies

10. Explaining Growth domestic factors entrepreneurship human capital-- well-educated state role: economic bureaucracy MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry

11. Explaining Growth climate of confidence protecting/nurturing bailing out state role: economic bureaucracy MITI

12. The Record of Growth state role: economic bureaucracy MITI example: iron and steel industry targeting capital access Joint development and cost sharing: example of BOF license

13. The Record of Growth Sum up: the Managed Miracle a convergence of factors favorable international environment: US sponsorship and global growth. domestic endowments: human capital, entrepreneurship and an activist but not oppressively interventionist state, as orchestrator.