1. Psychoanalysis

2. As a reading method It tries to read unconscious symptoms in a text While reading the text, the reader tries to find the contradiction, repetition

3. Some thoughts Supremacy unconsciousness over consciousness Dynamic relationship Id-Ego-Superego Oedipus phase, penis-envy, displacement, repression Life instinct and death instinct (death wish)

4. Id-Ego-Superego Id works with pleasure principle Ego works with reality principle, trying to meet Id’s need. Superego works with morality principle

5. The unconscious where id, ego and superego work The unconscious is not only impulsive but also rational and can be “moral” The unconscious still can control the individual with unconscious ways

6. Sex Theory Culture comes from displacement towards sex instinct Displacement happens in oedipal phase (2-5 years old) The child sees his father as his competitor to have sexual desire to his mother

7. Repression and Hysteria When superego represses, ego build a wall to block sexual instinct Sexual instinct appear in symbolic forms to trick ego These symbolic forms of sexual instinct are called hysteria

8. Life instinct and death instinct Life instinct: eat, sleep, work, make love Death instinct : mysterious and easy to duplicate symbolic forms of life instinct Death instinct is much stronger than other instincts and determine human’s life

9. Psychoanalysis and literature Literary text is treated as a group of symptoms that project its author’s psyche Psyche that is projected is where the unconscious is That is why, literary text is symptomatic; revealing and hiding something at the same time;

10. Literary text could be analyzed as “a patient” by noticing its structure, diction, imagery, and characters and other textual elements. In a therapy, psychoanalysis tries to find the patient’s main trauma while in literature, psychoanalysis reveals the unconscious meaning of the text

11. Text as a group of symptoms that projects the author’s psyche Text is the result of displacement of unconscious material in the author’s psyche in the symbolic forms in symptoms in structure, characters, imagery and other textual elements

12. Reading text means identifying displacement and finding what experience displacement in the author’s psyche reflected in “text psyche” Text is read to find out what beyond the text

13. Reading literary text as symptomatic reading Literary text is assumed to be like hysteria which reveal or hide trauma of the author’s psyche The analysis can only rely on the symptoms in the text

14. It is needed to read the text interrogatively, and not appreciatively It is not literal reading It is figurative reading

15. Structure, diction and other textual elements Textual structure reflects the unconscious dynamic through the delay of ending, constructing climax, plot, contrast etc. Diction/Imagery is consciously selected symptom but controlled by the unconscious (Freud concept: slip of the tongue)

16. Character can be viewed as symbolic manifestation of certain psyche element (Id, Ego, Superego) the relation dynamic of which with other character is seen in conflict The other textual elements which can be analyzed using psychoanalysis are : theme, title, point of view, figurative language, etc.

17. Text, meaning and trauma Meaning is what is conveyed consciously to the readers/audience Trauma is a frustration caused by an unfulfilled instinct when it is contradictory with Superego moral standard

18. The Instinct can slip into the theme and can upset the theme The analysis of the contradiction between the meaning of conscious text and unconscious impulses, the source of trauma (the author’s unconscious psyche) is supposed to be revealed