1. נושאים מרכזיים בנוירוביולוגיה תרגיל 4 מערכת השיקוף Human Cortex: Reflections of Mirror Neurons llan Dinstein

4. A sample of 2009 harvest 1.Anterior intraparietal cortex codes complexity of observed hand movements. Biagi L, Cioni G, Fogassi L, Guzzetta A, Tosetti M.Anterior intraparietal cortex codes complexity of observed hand movements. 2.Changes in subthalamic activity during movement observation in Parkinson's disease: Is the mirror system mirrored in the basal ganglia? Alegre M, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Valencia M, Pérez-Alcázar M, Guridi J, Iriarte J, Obeso JA, Artieda J.Changes in subthalamic activity during movement observation in Parkinson's disease: Is the mirror system mirrored in the basal ganglia? 3.The role of inferior frontal and parietal areas in differentiating meaningful and meaningless object-directed actions. Newman-Norlund R, van Schie HT, van Hoek ME, Cuijpers RH, Bekkering H.The role of inferior frontal and parietal areas in differentiating meaningful and meaningless object-directed actions. 4.Mirror system activity for action and language is embedded in the integration of dorsal and ventral pathways. Arbib MA.Mirror system activity for action and language is embedded in the integration of dorsal and ventral pathways. 5.Update on autism: a review of 1300 reports published in 2008. Hughes JR.Update on autism: a review of 1300 reports published in 2008. 6.Emotion Recognition from EEG Using Higher-Order Crossings. Petrantonakis P, Hadjileontiadis L.Emotion Recognition from EEG Using Higher-Order Crossings. 7.Shared pain: From empathy to synaesthesia. Fitzgibbon BM, Giummarra MJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Enticott PG, Bradshaw JL.Shared pain: From empathy to synaesthesia. 8.Reduced cortico-motor facilitation in a normal sample with high traits of autism. Puzzo I, Cooper NR, Vetter P, Russo R, Fitzgerald PB.Reduced cortico-motor facilitation in a normal sample with high traits of autism. 9.Sensations evoked in patients with amputation from watching an individual whose corresponding intact limb is being touched. Ramachandran VS, Brang D.Sensations evoked in patients with amputation from watching an individual whose corresponding intact limb is being touched. 10.The mirror neuron system may play a role in the pathogenesis of mass hysteria. Lee YT, Tsai SJ.The mirror neuron system may play a role in the pathogenesis of mass hysteria.

5. What are mirror neurons? Discharge when making a specific goal directed action towards an object Discharge when the observing an agent making an action with an identical goal towards objects (~15%)

6. What do you do with it?! Interpreting intentions and goals Interpreting speech Language acquisition Theory of mind and autism Interpreting emotions Imitation

7. Simulation Theory - Interpreting meaningful actions Mirror neurons perform the visual to motor transformation? When observing an action, the observer unconsciously simulates himself performing the same action Accesses his own intentionsAssigns them to the observed person

8. Requirement for mirror neurons Movement selectivity

9. Illustration of the mirror system

10. Mirror system in humans

11. Audiovisual mirror neurons and action recognition Kohler et al., Science 2002

12. רגע של סטטיסטיקה... 498 neurons recorded 63 neurons (13%) discharged both when the monkey performed a hand action and when it heard the action-related sound. 33 neurons (6%) were tested for visuo- auditory congruency, only 22 (4%) showed selectivity for the action’s goal, irrespective of the modality!

13. fMRI Measures the summed activity of 1000000 neurons – Heterogeneity in specificity and modality – Small subpopulations Do humans have a “mirror system” ?