1. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

3. General Angiosperm Relations --- Soltis et al. 2008

4. Amborella

5. Amborella - flowers
See endress2001.pdf for interpretation

6. Amborella

7. Amborella

8. Nymphaea

9. Nymphaea

10. Nymphaea

11. Hydatella
See sokoloff2008.pdf for review of cotyledons and inference that the monocot cotyledon is a pair of fused cotyledons.

12. Austrobaileya blooming liana at UVM

13. Austrobaileya flowers
native to Queensland, northeastern Australia

14. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

15. Inferred ancestral features of angiosperms (from living groups)
more than two whorls (or series) of tepals and stamens
stamens with protruding adaxial or lateral pollen sacs
several free, ascidiate carpels closed by secretion
extended stigma
extragynoecial compitum
one or several ventral pendent ovule(s)
equivocal:
bisexual vs. unisexual fl owers
whorled vs. helical attachment to receptacle
presence vs. absence of tepal differentiation
anatropous vs. orthotropous ovules.
Simple flowers of the basal groups are reduced rather than primitively simple.
Endress and Doyle 2009

16. Distribution of ascidiate carpels

17. Trimenia has ascidiate carpels.
SEMs: endress2001.pdf

18. And the pistils of Amborella are taken as simple, ascidiate carpels.
Endress2001.pdf: arrows in E are openings to carpel, numbers in F are origin sequence

19. The gynoecium of Myristica arises as a single ascidiate carpel, then develops a cleft.
armstrong1986.pdf

20. Endress’s sequence of evolution of the early angiosperm carpel.
Secretion in blue, post-genital fusion in red.
Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.

21. Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Austrobaileya Austrobaileyaceae Amborella
Amborellaceae
Also see fossil: wang_x2011.pdf
Summary of molecules and morphology doyle_ja2012.pdf
Asimina
Annonaceae
Myristica
Myristicaceae

22. So what the heck is an extragynoecial compitum?
endress2011.pdf

23. Major changes in flower morphology (and most primitive states)

24. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

25. The Cretaceous
APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology.

26. Archaefructus – early Aptian (124my) Nymphaeales
APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology.
Archaefructus – early Aptian (124my) Nymphaeales

27. First angiosperm fossils --- in phylogenetic context
APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology.
from Doyle and Endress, 2010

28. First angiosperm fossils --- sequence of diversification
APG 2010: The curious fossil Archaefructus, ca 124 million years old, is placed sister to Hydatellaceae in recent morphological analyses (Doyle & Endress 2007, 2010; Doyle 2008b). Although they have little in common in terms of overall appearance, Archaefructus, too, is probably an aquatic with very unconventional floral morphology.
from Doyle and Endress, 2010

29. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

30. Gnetum

32. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

33. Glossopteris

34. Pentaxylon

35. Bennetitales: Cycadeoidea

36. Bennetitales: Williamsonia

37. Caytonia

38. soltis_d pdf

39. Bailey’s drawings of carpels from the Winteraceae, Magnoliids
So, Bailey’s plicate (conduplicate) carpel may be a valid inference based on the Magnoliid carpel, but derived from a plicate carpel.
Bailey’s drawings of carpels from the Winteraceae, Magnoliids
bailey1951.pdf

40. The first flowering plants
The most primitive living angiosperms
The shared primitive characters
Fossils of the most primitive angiosperms
Living sister groups
Extinct sister groups

41. Extra slides

42. Peltaspermum

43. Callistophyton

45. FLOWER FORM AND MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT
Classic ABCE model
Evolution of MADS genes
ABC model developed for core eudicots
“shifting boundary model” applied to some basal eudicots and monocots
(III) “fading borders”model proposed for basal angiosperms
From D. Soltis et al

46. Ascidiate carpels with an extragynoecial compitum…..
compitum: a tract of transmission tissue in the gynoecium that is common to all the carpels of the one flower and that allows pollen landing on any one stigma or part of a stigma to fertilise ovules in any carpel
compitum: a tract of transmission tissue in the gynoecium that is common to all the carpels of the one flower and that allows pollen landing on any one stigma or part of a stigma to fertilise ovules in any carpel
Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.

47. Plicate carpels.
Endress, P. K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). Gynoecium structure and evolution in basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161(S6), S211-S213.