1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell T H E B A S I C S SIXTH EDITION Cancer: Reducing Your Risk 13

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001 1.3 million new cases diagnosed 1 in 4 deaths from cancer Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many What do you think are the contributing factors to the incidence of cancer in the U.S. today?

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Cancer Variations in Rates Rates have large variations among populations 444.6 per 100,000 African Americans 402.1 per 100,000 Whites 272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics 279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders 152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Cancer What is Cancer? Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Neoplasms Malignant tumors Benign tumors

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Cancer Cellular Change/Mutation Theories Spontaneous errors External agents Oncogenes Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle Smoking among greatest Nutrition/exercise

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes of Cancer Figure 13.1

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What Causes Cancer? Biological Factors Genetic predisposition Reproductive and hormonal risks

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What Causes Cancer? Occupational and Environmental Factors Asbestos, nickel, chromate Radioactive substances Social and Psychological Factors Stress Decrease negative emotions

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What Causes Cancer? Chemicals in Food Sodium nitrate Clostridium botulism Viral Factors Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus Medical Factors Diethylstibestrol (DES) Chemotherapy

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 13.1

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Classifications of Cancer Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukemias Lung Cancer Killed 164,000 in 2000 Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung cancers could be avoided by not smoking

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Breast Cancer One in 8 women Risk increases with age Risk factors supported by research Prevention (self-exam and mammography) See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure Treatment

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Breast Self-Examination Figure 13.3

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Colon and Rectum Cancer 3 rd most common in men and women 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal bleeding Prostate Cancer Most common in males today 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002 Estimated 30,200 men will die

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware 1.3 million cases of skin cancer Treatable: basal or squamous Virulent: malignant melanoma ABCD rule about melanoma What are some ideas about the use of sunscreen?

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Testicular Cancer Ages 17-34 at greatest risk Cause is unknown Undescended testicles present a great risk How and when should men examine their testicles? (see Figure 13.4)

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testicular Self-Examination Figure 13.4

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Ovarian Cancer 4 th leading cause of death in young women Enlargement of abdomen common sign Prevention: annual pelvic exams Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer Pap test for early detection Risk: early onset of intercourse Warning: abnormal bleeding

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Cancer of the Pancreas “Silent” disease 29,700 cases in 2002 Only 4% survive Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cancer Leukemia Cancer of blood-forming tissues Leads to the creation of immature white blood cells Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss Can be acute or chronic

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facing Cancer Detecting Cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan) Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe) Self-exam and check-ups

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 13.3

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facing Cancer New Hope in Cancer Treatments Surgery to remove tumor Chemotherapy Researching genes and cell mutations

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facing Cancer Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trials Ask about surgery Ask why one treatment is preferred Get all your options

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facing Cancer Life After Cancer Laws reduce insurance discrimination Less isolation Assistance is available Support groups