1. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 1 Amateur Observing Opportunities for the Deep Impact Mission Stephanie McLaughlin (Univ. of Maryland)

2. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 2 An Overview of Deep Impact Fundamental scientific objective:Fundamental scientific objective: Probe beneath a cometary surface Two-component spacecraft:Two-component spacecraft: Flyby spacecraft and auto-guided, imaging impactor Launch in December 2004Launch in December 2004 Impact with comet 9P/Tempel 1 on July 4, 2005 will form ~100m-wide craterImpact with comet 9P/Tempel 1 on July 4, 2005 will form ~100m-wide crater

3. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 3 9P/Tempel 1 History:History: –April 1867 discovered –1873, 1879 observed –1881 close approach to Jupiter, then lost –1967 Recovered Jupiter familyJupiter family Orbital period = 5.5 yearsOrbital period = 5.5 years Perihelion distance = 1.5 AUPerihelion distance = 1.5 AU Radius = 2.6 ± 0.5 kmRadius = 2.6 ± 0.5 km Albedo = 0.07 ± 0.03 (dark!)Albedo = 0.07 ± 0.03 (dark!) Rotation Period = ~38 hoursRotation Period = ~38 hours Shape, 1.3 < Axial ratio < 3Shape, 1.3 < Axial ratio < 3 Maximum visual magnitude = ~9.3Maximum visual magnitude = ~9.3 Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel (1821 - 1889)

4. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 4 Ground-based Observations Science team is conducting a vigorous program of ground-based observations:Science team is conducting a vigorous program of ground-based observations: –Volatile outgassing –Dust coma development –Jet activity and outbursts Goal: Establish baselines of Tempel 1’s activity for comparison to impact and post- impact observationsGoal: Establish baselines of Tempel 1’s activity for comparison to impact and post- impact observations However, few observations of Tempel 1:However, few observations of Tempel 1: –Lost for nearly 100 years –Rather dim, 9th magnitude –Time on large telescopes is limited...

5. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 5 Small Telescopes to the Rescue Advanced amateurs and private observatories can provide good temporal coverage to supplement baselinesAdvanced amateurs and private observatories can provide good temporal coverage to supplement baselines Advanced observers typically have:Advanced observers typically have: –Fast, wide-field telescopes –High-quality, commercial CCD cameras –UBVRI filters Combination is good for:Combination is good for: –Imaging and aperture photometry of dust coma (RI) Wide format captures field stars in same frame as comet, simplifying calibrationsWide format captures field stars in same frame as comet, simplifying calibrations –Imaging and monitoring of jet activity and outbursts (VRI) Hence, the STSP...Hence, the STSP...

6. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 6 2000-08-26.1 UT, 1x180s, R Filter Wendelstein Observatory, M. Tschimmel The Small Telescope Science Program The STSP is an E/PO project for the missionThe STSP is an E/PO project for the mission Brainchild of Gary EmersonBrainchild of Gary Emerson Campaign in 2000, very successful:Campaign in 2000, very successful: –Network of 40+ observers in 12 countries, spanning 6 continents –Observers acquired 700+ VRI and 300+ unfiltered, raw CCD images Program in hibernation for past 3 years, except for:Program in hibernation for past 3 years, except for: –Borrelly, Wild 2, LINEAR C/2000 W1 Re-launches this fallRe-launches this fall Continues through 2005Continues through 2005 2000-08-06.3 UT The George Observatory, Fort Bend Astro. Club

7. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 7 STSP: Filling the Gaps Northern Obs: Oct 2004 - Aug 2005Northern Obs: Oct 2004 - Aug 2005 Southern Obs: Feb - Dec 2005Southern Obs: Feb - Dec 2005 STSP contributionsSTSP contributions Dust production light curve:Dust production light curve: Large telescope contributions Impact:Impact: 06:08 July 4 2005 UT Perihelion:Perihelion: 08:40 July 5 2005 UT Impact & Perihelion 9P Today9P Today

8. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 8 Jet Activity and Outbursts? Evidence for jet activity: 1983 apparitionEvidence for jet activity: 1983 apparition –Upper: 3 months pre-perihelion –Lower: 1 month pre-perihelion Expect jet activity 3-4 months before perihelion: Mar - Jul 2005Expect jet activity 3-4 months before perihelion: Mar - Jul 2005 Outbursts? Need continuous imagingOutbursts? Need continuous imaging Expect new active area after impact  Jets or outbursts days or weeks after impact?Expect new active area after impact  Jets or outbursts days or weeks after impact? STSP observers: Monitor for pre- and post- impact activitySTSP observers: Monitor for pre- and post- impact activity Jean-Claude Merlin (ICQ 1983)

9. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 9Spectroscopy? H20H20 CO 2 Amateurs are venturing into spectroscopyAmateurs are venturing into spectroscopy –10-12 magnitude stars Tempel 1 brightens to about 9th magnitude near impactTempel 1 brightens to about 9th magnitude near impact Possible bright lines at visible wavelengthsPossible bright lines at visible wavelengths –C2 near 4700 Angstroms –C2 near 5200 Angstroms –[O  ] near 6300 Angstroms –NH2 band from 5500-5600 Angstroms

10. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 10 What We’re Looking for... Advanced amateur observers with discretionary telescope timeAdvanced amateur observers with discretionary telescope time Fast, wide-field telescope systems; CCDs; VRI filtersFast, wide-field telescope systems; CCDs; VRI filters Aperture photometry (RI): Oct 2004 - Dec 2005Aperture photometry (RI): Oct 2004 - Dec 2005 VRI imaging for jet activity, outbursts: Mar - Sep 2005VRI imaging for jet activity, outbursts: Mar - Sep 2005 Narrowband images and spectroscopy also acceptedNarrowband images and spectroscopy also accepted Interested? Please contact us!Interested? Please contact us! Stef McLaughlin (stefmcl@astro.umd.edu) Gary Emerson (emerson@ball.com) Or visit the STSP website: http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/stsp http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/stsphttp://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/stsp Reference: The NASA Deep Impact Mission’s Small Telescope Science Program in the Future of Small Telescopes in the New Millenium, Astro. & Sp. Sci. Library, Ed. Terry Oswalt, Vol. 289, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, p. 57.Reference: The NASA Deep Impact Mission’s Small Telescope Science Program in the Future of Small Telescopes in the New Millenium, Astro. & Sp. Sci. Library, Ed. Terry Oswalt, Vol. 289, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, p. 57.

11. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 11 “ Ok, the STSP sounds great, but is there another, more casual observing program for Deep Impact?” “ Yes - The Amateur Observing Program!” E.Warner

12. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 12 The Amateur Observing Program Provides an opportunity for amateur astronomers to experience the thrill of participating in a NASA missionProvides an opportunity for amateur astronomers to experience the thrill of participating in a NASA mission Comet observing guides for beginning and intermediate observersComet observing guides for beginning and intermediate observers –What are comets? –How and where to look? –Using binoculars and telescopes –CCD Imaging A Tempel 1 log book published online!A Tempel 1 log book published online! –Photographs, CCD images, hand scetches, etc. will be accepted Interested? Please contactInterested? Please contact Elizabeth Warner (warnerem@astro.umd.edu) Or visit the program’s website: http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/amateur http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/amateurhttp://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/amateur

13. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 13 More Information? Deep Impact:Deep Impact:http://deepimpact.umd.eduhttp://deepimpact.jpl.nasa.gov Small Telescope Science Program:Small Telescope Science Program: http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/stsp http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/stsp Amateur Observing Program:Amateur Observing Program: http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/amateur http://deepimpact.astro.umd.edu/amateur

14. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 14 Backup Slides

15. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 15 Scientific Objectives Primary Scientific ThemePrimary Scientific Theme –Understand the differences between interior and surface –Determine basic cometary properties (density, porosity, etc.) –Search for pristine material below surface Secondary Scientific ThemeSecondary Scientific Theme –Distinguish extinction from dormancy Additional Science AddressedAdditional Science Addressed –Address terrestrial hazard from cometary impacts –Search for heterogeneity at scale of cometesimals –Calibrate the cratering record

16. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 16 Inter-Planetary Trajectory

17. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 17 Encounter Schematic Tempel 1 Nucleus Shield Mode Attitude through Inner Coma Science and Autonav Imaging to Impact + 800 sec ITM-1 E-88 min ITM-2 E-48 min ITM-3 E-15 min Impactor Release E-24 hours AutoNav Enabled E-2 hr Flyby S/C Deflection Maneuver E-23.5 hr 2-way S-band Crosslink 500 km

18. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 18 Sky Plot Impact approx 06:00 - 06:30 UTC on 4 July 2005 RA, DEC = 13:38, -9.6 Geocentric Distance = 0.894 AU Heliocentric Distance = 1.506 AU

19. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 19 Earth-Based Elevation

20. MASP2004 - Oct 16sam - 20 Sample Data Barringer Meteor Crater seen with comparable number of pixels as Deep Impact crater assuming nominal model for cratering MRI (full-frame) HRI (full-frame) E-2 hrs, 81369 km E-0 sec, 8606 km E+800 sec, 711 km