1. Economics of Biotic Resources Ecosystem Structure and Function

2. Econ of Ecosystem Structure: Renewable stock-flows Material flow from a stock over time –Can use stock as fast as we want –Level of stock affects future flow

3. Sustainable Yield Curve

4. Carrying capacity, MSY and minimum viable population (point of critical depensation) Uncertainty and dependence on exogenous variables Variation in Critical depensation: Passenger pigeons and Mauritius Kestrel Critical depensation for ecosystems

5. Sustainable harvests and effort What is the relationship to scale?

6. Harvest effort and cost Yield=catchability quotient x Stock x effort Y=qXE Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium Where did historical harvests take place? Where are they taking place now?

7. Maximizing annual profit (static):

8. Profit maximization π = TR-TC maximum π occurs when MR = MC

9. Open access fishery Non-excludable, rival π = 0 –This is what happens in any competitive market What happens when harvest costs are very low? What actually happens to harvest costs relative to price over time?

10. Can you find the tacit assumption responsible for the happy result that profit maximizing exploitation does not require much sock depletion?

11. Profit maximization (dynamic) To move from one point on the sustainable harvest curve to one at a lower stock, we must reduce the stock. What happens to the profit made by selling that stock?

12. Opportunity Costs of Renewable resources The opportunity cost of not harvesting is equal to the foregone earnings from not investing the profits of that harvest. What’s more profitable, letting your redwoods grow at 1% per year, or cutting them down and investing the profits in the stock market at 7% per year?

13. Opportunity Cost of Renewable resources The opportunity cost of harvesting another unit of resource –Resource values should increase Increasing demand Decreasing supply –Renewable resources grow, but a unit harvested today cannot grow –More stock means cheaper harvest

14. Dynamic profit Max Marginal opportunity costs of harvesting the resource should equal marginal opportunity costs of not harvesting the resource, i.e. MR=MC Think about repaying a loan with the profits from reducing the stock What if the discount rate is very high?

15. Dynamic profit Max

16. When is Extinction Optimal? Open access Private ownership, but resource cheap to harvest, and grows more slowly than investments

17. Including the fund-service Passenger pigeons Sardines Cassowaries

18. Characteristics of optimal harvest Must account for stock-flow and fund service Discounting probably not appropriate, and particularly inappropriate for fund-service component Higher stocks, lower harvests than static profit maximizing stock and harvest Must account for uncertainty

19. Summary

20. What is the relationship to distribution? Who benefits from ecosystem fund- services? Who benefits from the harvest of stock- flows? Who deserves profits from harvest of stock-flows?

21. Natural dividend from renewable resources