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Chapter 1 Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future
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Introduction Various aspects of human nature
Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness Neuroscience Study of the brain The Society for Neuroscience
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Prehistoric ancestors
Brain vital to life Skull surgeries Evidence: Trepanation Skulls show signs of healing Views of ancient Egypt Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)
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Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece
Correlation between structure and function Hippocrates Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence
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Hippocrates (460-379 B.C.E.) – first ascribed to the brain the role of the organ of sensation.
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Aristotle ( B.C.E.) – felt the heart was the center of intellect and believed the brain was more a “radiator” to cool the body.
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Galen ( A.D.) – Greek physician who tried to deduce function of the brain from structure of the cerebrum and cerebellum. He put forth a model for brain function that was the start of the fluid-mehcanical theory.
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Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire
Views of Greek physician Galen Cerebrum Cerebellum Ventricles
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Views of the Brain: The Renaissance
The brain as a machine Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function Philosophical mind-brain problem
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Andreas Vesalius – publishes On the Workings of the Human Body in 1543
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Another example of one of his drawings.
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Rene’ Descartes – ( ) one of the most important Western philosophers and scientists who promoted the idea of the brain function occurring via the fluid-mechanical theory
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Benjamin Franklin publishes Experiments and Observations on Electricity in His notions on electricity paved the way for a new theory of neural function.
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These two researchers were responsible for determining the interaction
Luigi Galvani Emil du Bois-Reymond These two researchers were responsible for determining the interaction between electricity and the brain.
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Francois Magendie Charles Bell These two conducted experiments that answered the question on whether the movement in a nerve was bidirectional or unidirectional.
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Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century
Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions
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Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) was the founder of phrenology.
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Gall described the concept of phrenology.
Franz Joseph Gall Paul Broca Gall described the concept of phrenology. Broca first identified a region of the cerebrum being associated with function.
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Charles Darwin – his theory of natural selection helped to explain the growth and development of the brain.
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Evolution of the Nervous System
Natural selection Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms Rationale for “animal models”
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Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory…
Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory…. ALL TISSUES ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS
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Otto Deiters (1865) – identified the major parts of the neuron and predicted the communication and interactionbetween the axon and dendrites.
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Neuroscience Today Reductionist approach Levels of analysis Molecular
Cellular Systems Behavioral Cognitive
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Levels of Analysis can be applied to Neuroscience
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The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research
Animals: Renewable natural resources The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc. Animal rights Philosophy Abolition of animal use Animal rights activists
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The Neuroscientist -Education, Training, Research experience -Clinical vs. Experimental research
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The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders
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