1. Session 3 Normal Distribution Scores Reliability

2. Normal Curve Mean, Median, Mode -4  2  -1  1  2  3  4  s.d 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 T score 200 300 400 500 600 700 800CEEB 55 70 85 100 115 130 145Wechsler 52 68 84 100 116 132 148SB

3. Age or grade equivalent scales Age Equivalence: Can really only compare to same age. Grade Equivalence: Can really only compare to same grade Problems: Norm referenced so the groups are not comparable “Lake Woebegone syndrome” Development is not linear

4. Norm group How were people recruited and how many? Random, Stratified, Cluster, Convenience. Who was included and who was excluded? Age, gender, ethnicity, national origin, SES, geographic, educational background, diagnosis. How appropriate is the norm group for your client?

5. Reliability - Consistency Classical Test Theory Observed score = True Score + Error A measure of reliability provides an estimate of the amount of true variance to observed variance. If an instrument manual reports score reliability of.79 then 79% of the variance is true to observed variance and 21% is error variance.

6. Reliability Systematic error versus unsystematic error Error variance is unsystematic error Test-taker variables Test-administration variables

7. Correlation Coefficients Consistency between two sets of scores. Correlation is often used (e.g. Pearson product moment correlation) r ranges from -1 to +1 and represents the relationship between the two sets of data. The closer the number is to |1|, the stronger the relationship between the two sets of scores. Closer to |0|, the r indicates a lack of evidence of a relationship. The – and + represent direction of the relationship only. Inverse (negative) or positive

8. Coefficient of Determination r =.70 …..r 2 =.49 means 49% of the shared variance between the two sets of scores. Scores on Day 1 Scores on Day 21

9. Types of Reliability Test-Retest Alternate or Parallel Forms Internal Consistency Split-Half (if this is appropriate) Internal consistency KR-20 (homogeneous domain) and the KR-21 (heterogeneous domain) Coefficient alpha or Cronbach’s alpha

10. Standard Error of Measurement Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) offers a test-taker the range of where his or her true score would fall if s/he were to take the test multiple times. SEM = s  1 – r) Where s = the standard deviation for the test r = the reliability coefficient for the test

11. Example A Wechsler test with a split-half reliability coefficient of.96 and a standard deviation of 15 gives us an SEM of 3 SEM = s  ( 1 – r ) = 15  ( 1-.96) = 15 .04 = 15 x.2 = 3 Example: Luisa took the Wechsler test and received a score of 100. Build a “band of error” around Luisa’s test score of 100, using a 68% interval. A 68% interval is approximately equal to 1 standard deviation on either side of the mean. Luisa’s true test score = performance test score ± 1(SEM) = 100  (1 x 3) = 100  3 Chances are 68 out of 100 that Luisa’s true score falls within the range of 97 and 103. What about a 95% interval?