1. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human A&P
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1-1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy vs Physiology
-define each term
- why combine into a single course?
Explain: “Structure follows Function”
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3. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Fig. 1.3
Levels of Organization
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4. Fig. 1.19

6. Characteristics of Life Organ Systems
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Circulation
Excretion
Which organ system(s) contribute to each of the characteristics listed on the left?
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7. Fig. 1.5 Organ Systems Are Inter -related Respiratory system
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Blood
Internal
environment
External
Organic waste,
excess salts, water
Unabsorbed
matter
Nutrients,
salts, water
Cell
Extracellular
fluid
O2 in
Urinary
CO2 out
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Fig. 1.5

8. Requirements of Organisms
Water: most abundant substance in body
metabolism
transport
regulates body temperature
Food
energy
building blocks
Oxygen - ~20% of air
releases energy from nutrients
Heat
helps control rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
atmospheric pressure – breathing
hydrostatic pressure – blood flow
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9. Homeostasis
Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day is very hot.
What effect does that have on your body temperature?
External environment – keeps changing
Internal environment - remains stable.
How?
Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms”

10. Homeostasic Mechanisms
– monitor internal environment
- corrects changes
3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms:
receptors
function?
control center
tells what a particular value should be
effectors

12. Types of Regulation negative feedback most common!
ex. maintaining body temperature; release of most hormones, etc.
positive feedback
blood clotting
labor

13. Example of Homeostasis – Control of Body Temperature
Control Center
Hypothalamus
Thermo-
receptors
What temperature does your body try to maintain?
What changes occur when your body temperature is:
- too high? - too low?

14. Fig. 1.10 Body Cavities 1-12 Cranial cavity Frontal sinuses
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Cranial cavity
Sphenoidal sinus
Middle ear cavity
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Fig. 1.10
Body Cavities
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15. Body Membranes serous membranes mucous membrane
lines organ surfaces in thoracic and abdominal cavities
thin, watery secretions
reduces friction
mucous membrane
lines hollow organs that lead to exterior of body (ex. GI, respiratory, genito-urinary)
thick secretions
protective

16. 4 Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes
(1 & 2) pleura = one around each lung
(3) pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
(4) peritoneum
Each serous membrane composed of 2 layers:
visceral layer – directly covers an organ
parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
small cavity between layers is filled with serous fluid
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17. Fig. 1.20a Anterior ( V entral) Posterior (Dorsal) Midline Right Left
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Fig. 1.20a
Midline
Right
Left
Superior
Proximal
Medial
Lateral
Anterior ( V
entral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal

18. Umbilical Hypogastric
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Right
hypochondriac
region
lumbar
iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(a)