2. Logic Circuit Design Teacher ： Wei-Ru Lai ( 賴薇如 ) wrlai@saturn.yzu.edu.tw Office: 2307 Telephone:2431 Lab: 3412 Telephone:2414-35

3. Text Book and Reference 4 Textbook –Charles H. Roth, Jr., Fundamentals of Logic Design, 5th edition, West Publishing Co., 1992. 4 Reference book –A First Course in Digital System Design, An Integrated Approach, John P. Uyemura, Georgia Institute of Technology. Books/Cole Publishing Company

4. Course Time 4 B 班 –Monday 8 (3:10 - 4:00) –Friday 1,2 (8:10 - 10:00) 4 Classroom: 2008 4 Office Hour: Wednesday 13:10-14:30 3412R

5. Teacher Assistant 4 周旭陵 (Nash), 彭健倫 (Artist) –3412R –Tel: 2415 – 35 4 You can get some papers for homework at 3412 Room. 4 Please use A4-size papers for your homework.

6. Web Site 4 IP address: 140.138.137.171 or pcs.eed.yzu.edu.tw –Handout, old examination questions 4 Portal –Homework and solution –Discussion –Information, ex: Time and place of quiz 4 It’s necessary to watch these web sites.

7. Requirements for Class 4 Take your textbook. 4 Take notes in class. 4 Don’s chat in class. 4 Close your handset. 4 Ask questions if you don’t understand. 4 To hand in an assignment in time. Esteem your teachers, TAs and classmates.

8. Change Your Mindset 4 Adapt yourself to the new environments, new teachers, and new teaching methods. 4 Read the textbook written in English. 4 You should spend a lot of times in this course. 4 Do your homework by yourself. 4 Find your favorite department. 4 Try to achieve the basic requirements of our departments.

9. Evaluation 4 Class Presentation (10%) 4 Homework (2%*10=20%) 4 Quizzes (7%*4=28%) –10/3, 10/24, 11/28,12/19 (13:00-14:00) 4 Mid exam (20%) 11/9 4 Final exam (22%) 1/11

10. Your Background 4 Do you know... –Analog ( 類比 ), digital ( 數位 ) –Bit (=0/1), byte (=8 bits) –2-state signal – 0/1 –binary number –Diode, transistor, TTL, CMOS... –System design, logic design, circuit design

11. Analog vs. Digital 4 Analog system –The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified range. 4 Digital system –The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values. 0 1 2 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0...

12. Analog Signals 4 Nature signals are analog. 4 Analog signals: the quantities may vary continuously over a specified range. 4 Distortion( 失真 ): the wave is distorted due to attenuation or noise. 4 If an analog signal is distorted, it is difficult to regenerate a original one.

13. Digital Signals 4 Think the nature signal as 0 and 1. 4 Digitalize （數位化）： transfer the nature signal to a series of 0s and 1s. –Binary system: only 0 &1 –Ex: 5 10 =0101 2 logic 0 logic 1 volt 1 2 3 4 5 0 Unknown 0 1

14. Analog or Digital? (1/2) 4 The differences between analog systems and digital systems are the idea to view and process the data. –Analog view: every amplitude is meaningful in every moment. Every qualify between 0-5V is meaningful. –Digital view: only 0 & 1

15. Analog or Digital? (2/2) 4 Question: Which one is an analog signal? Which one is a digital signal? –human voice, electromagnetic wave of handset,, data in CD, voice sent by handset, watercolor, a negative of photo, data in digital camera 4 Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages to store photos (or send audio) by the analog (or digital) method?

16. Advantages of Digital Signals 4 It is easy to distinguish between 0 and 1 even though the digital signal is distorted. 4 Distorted digital signal can be regenerated. 4 Special encoding schemes is used for error detection or error correction 4 Encryption can prevent from eavesdropping. 01010011 odd parity 0 1

17. Digital System  A digital system is an electronic network that “process” information using only digits to implement calculations and operations. –Ex: answer machine, video game, CD, computer... 1.Transfer analog signals to digital signals. 2.Perform operations by 0 and 1. 3.Transfer the results to analog signals.

18. Accuracy 4 Operation in analog systems: the error (i.e., distortion) will be accumulated. –Ex: to compute 6*100. These is an error 0.1. 5.9*100=590 4 Operation in digital systems: the distorted signal can be regenerated and the error will not be accumulated. –Ex: 110 2 *1100100 2 =100101100 2 –Digital systems are capable of greater accuracy.

19. Audio System Analog data Digital data

20. Sampling ( 取樣 ) 4 To achieve some discrete values from the originally continuous signals is called as sampling. 4 These discrete values are called discrete signal （離散信號） or samples （取樣點）. 4 Sampling rate （取樣頻率） is the times to achieve discrete signals per second. –Ex: If we get 8000 samples per second, the sampling rate is 8000Hz.

21. Sampling Theorem ( 取樣定理 ) 4 Sampling Theorem （取樣定理） or Nyquist Theorem ： Sampling rate must be twice (or more) of the original data rates. 4 For example, the frequency of human voice is about 300-3400Hz. Then the sampling rate in PSTN is 8000Hz.

22. Quantization ( 量化 ) 4 If the length of 0/1 bit stream is finite, the number of amplitude quantities that can be represented by these bit streams （ referred to quantization level 量化準位） is finite. 4 To find a relative level for each sample is called quantization （量化）。 4 The distance between the sample and its quantization level is called quantization error （量化誤差）。

23. Coding ( 編碼 ) 4 Coding （編碼）： use a series of 0s and 1s to represent every quantization level 。 4 Pulse Code Modulation （ PCM ） used in PSTN is 8-bit coding and 256 quantization level. 4 The sampling rate is 8KHz. 64,000 bits are sent per second. That is, the data rate is 64,000bps 。

24. Questions 4 How to store 0 and 1 by physical devices? 4 How to perform the operations of 0 and 1 by these physical devices? –Ex: How to do “1+1=10”? –What is the basic physical devices? –What is the basic digital operation? –Answer: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND and XOR logic gates.

25. Switching Devices (1/2) 4 Two-state devices: the output can assume only two different discrete values. –Example of switching devices: relays, diodes, transistors, CMOS. logic 0 logic 1 volt 1 2 3 4 5 0 On Off Unknown Gate Source Drain Transistor

26. Switching Devices (2/2) A B F 0 0 +V 0 +V +V +V 0 +V +V +V 0 4 Connecting several switching devices may perform some operations of 0 and 1. That is, you have created a binary system 。 4 We can use binary system to present the circuits made by switching devices. NAND Gate

27. Circuit Design 4 Circuit design involves specifying the interconnection of specific components such as resistors, diodes, and transistors to form a gate, flip-flop, or other logic building block. 4 To design Integrated circuit (IC) 4 Electronics, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits), Practicum of VLSI

28. Representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT Gates (1/2)

29. Representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT Gates (2/2)

30. Logic Design 4 Logic design involves determining how to interconnect basic logic building blocks to perform a specific function. –Block: logic gates, latches, flip-flops –Larger blocks: addition, counter, memory, multiplexer, CPLD, FPGA A B F 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

31. S-R Latch 4 To store 0 or 1. 4 Use OR/NOT gates to construct a larger component! L S R S R Q P Q P A new block

32. Half Adder 4 A + B = Sum with a Carry –Sum = A XOR B –Carry = A AND B ABAB Carry Sum XOR AND Half Adder A B Carry Sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 HA A B Carry Sum

33. Theory in the Logic Design 4 “Logic Design” tells us the theory necessary for understanding the logic design process. 4 Boolean algebra: the binary number system used in the logic design. 4 Technologies of digital systems are improved fast. However, its background theory is never changed.

34. Combinational Networks 4 The output values depend only on the present value of the inputs and not on past values.

35. Sequential Networks 4 The outputs depend on the present value of the inputs and past input values. 4 Basic memory elements: flip-flops feedback memory

36. Switching Circuits 4 Both combinational networks and sequential networks are called as switching circuits. 4 Computer Science, Practicum of Digital Circuit

37. System Design 4 System design involves breaking the overall system into subsystems and specifying the characteristics of each subsystem. Subsystem of computer includes memory units, arithmetic units, input- output units and control units.

38. Categories of Designs 4 The design of digital systems may be divided roughly into three parts –Circuit design, logic design, system design 4 Easy to design a digital system! –Basic block  Small blocks  Large blocks  A large system 4 Microcomputer System ， Practicum of Microcomputer System, Digital System Design, Computer Architecture

39. Need to Learn for Logic Design 4 Number systems 4 Boolean algebra 4 Logic gates 4 Combinational logic circuit design 4 Multiplexers, decorders, and PLD 4 Flip-Flops 4 Sequential logic circuit design 4 VLSI

40. Conclusions 4 This is an interesting course. 4 Hope you like it.