1. PowerPC 601 Stephen Tam

2. To be tackled today Architecture Execution Units Fixed-Point (Integer) Unit Floating-Point Unit Branch Processing Unit Cache Unit Memory Management Unit (MMU) Pipeline Structure Instruction buffer Multiply-Add Benchmark

3. PowerPC Processors The PowerPC 6XX line of microprocessors from IBM, Motorola and Apple viewed that personal PC’s would be required to fulfill and accommodate more power and resource intensive applications such as those associated with multimedia. Four implementations of the PowerPC architecture were initially announced:  PowerPC 601 - Original PowerPC microprocessor  PowerPC 603 - Low-cost, least powerful and consumes the least amount of power  PowerPC 604 - Faster, higher performance.  PowerPC 620 - The first 64-bit implementation of the PowerPC architecture. The PowerPC 601 is a high performance super-scalar processor implementing 3 independent execution units and 2 register files Execution (pipeline processing) units: Integer Unit (IU) or Fixed-Point Unit (FXU) Floating Point Unit (FPU) Branch Processing Unit (BPU)

4. Features PowerPC 601 Basic architecture Load/store Instruction length32 bit Byte/halfword load and storeYes Condition codesYes Conditional movesNo # of Integer registers32 Integer register size32/64 bit # of Floating point registers32 Floating point register size64 bit Floating point formatIEEE 32 bit, 64 bit Virtual address52-80 bit 32/64 bit mode bitYes SegmentationYes Page Size4 Kbytes Instruction/data cache size32 Kbytes Clock speed50-100 MHz

5. PowerPC 601 Architecture there are wide buses for memory, internal processor transfers, registers and on-board processing units.

6. Fixed-Point (Integer) Unit & Floating-Point Unit FXU(IU) Executes one instruction at a time Most instructions are single cycle instructions Interfaces with cache and MMU FPU Contains: a) Single precision multiply-add array b) Floating-point status and control register c) 32 64-bit registers Buffers 2 extra instructions when FPU is busy Supports IEEE 754 FP data types

7. Branch Processing Unit Contains: a) An adder to compute the target address b) 3 special purpose registers i) Link register (LR) ii) Count Register (CTR) iii) Condition Register (CR) Performs look ahead in condition branches into CR Uses dedicated registers other than the General Purpose Registers (GPR)

8. Branching & Branch Prediction The 601 has special purpose registers in the BPU for holding, operating on and testing conditions A single branch instruction may implement a loop-closing branch by decrementing the hardware counter CTR, testing its value and branching if non-zero For unconditional branches or ones that only depend on the CTR, the branch is executed immediately and is considered a zero cycle branch. Branch prediction is uses static branch prediction made by the compiler To protect against wrong predictions the contents of the instruction buffer are save for a short period of time until instructions from the take paths are delivered from memory allows for instructions for the non-taken path to be available immediately if a wrong prediction is made.

9. Cache Unit & Memory Management Unit 32 Kbytes 8-way associative Unified (instruction and data) Has 2 ports 1) Instruction fetch 2) “snooping” transactions on system interface Supports (externally) 4 PetaBytes(2 52 ) of virtual memory and 4 Gb of physical memory Implements demand paging for VM

10. Pipeline Structure FetchUp to eight instructions are fetched into an instruction buffer DispatchInstructions are dispatched to either the FXU or FPU DecodeInstructions are decoded, with the source registers being read Instructions to the FXU are decoded together in the dispatch stage. ExecuteThis stage exists in the BPU as well as the FXU, where integer instructions execute and cache lookup and address processing also occur Execute1FPU multiplication Execute2FPU addition CacheFloating-point operands are sent to the FPU and the integer operands are sent to the FXU. WriteRegister file write.

11. Instruction Buffer The 601 has several buffers in the pipelines that allow storage of multiple fetched instructions and also the storage of several dispatched instructions. allows out-of-order dispatching (therefore, when a pipeline is blocked, dispatching may still continue to non-blocked ones) cache is unified meaning that both the instruction and data share a cache data and instructions will need to contend for cache access fetched instruction buffer of 8 instructions (even though the maximum processing rate is 3 instructions per cycle) data will have priority, the instructions are fetched and stored while it is able to

12. Hence… Up to three 32-bit instructions may be dispatched each cycle one each to FXU, FPU and BPU The unified cache provides A 32-bit interface to the FXU A 64-bit interface to the FPU a 256-bit interface to both the instruction and memory queues The I/O had a 32-bit address bus and a 64-bit data bus These buses are logically and physically decoupled from one another for support of piplined, non-pipelined, or even split bus transactions To reduce latency and increase performance, the 601 itself is capable of pipelining up to two outstanding operations onto the bus

13. Multiply-Add PowerPC 601 takes in three operands processes (A x B + C) or (A x B – C) in a single instruction Assuming program and data are cached, a 100-MHz 601 can sustain 100 million MACs (multiply-accumulate operations) per second on some digital filters

14. Benchmarking

15. Direct Benchmark Comparison with ADSP-2106x

16. More Benchmark Comparisons

17. General Purpose Processor Why use DSP when benchmarks show GPPs like PowerPCs perform better? Performance gained from complicated dynamic features Not suited for real-time applications Decreased real-time predictability Complicated optimizing code

18. References Hoskins, John, “The PowerPC Initiative”, 1995, http://www.eng.uci.edu/comp.arch/processors/powerpc/PCPower.html http://www.eng.uci.edu/comp.arch/processors/powerpc/PCPower.html Smith, James; Weis, Shlomo, “PowerPC 601 and Alpha 21064: A Tale of Two RISCs”, IEEE- Computer, June 1994, Vol. 27, No. 6, Page 46-58 Lee, Ben, “Chapter 2: A Simple SuperScalar Processor – PowerPC 601”, http://www.ece.orst.edu/~benl/Courses/ECE570_w02.html http://www.ece.orst.edu/~benl/Courses/ECE570_w02.html “PowerPC Microprocessor- White paper”, (link is broken) http://www1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/pseries/hardware/whitepapers/power/ppc_601.html Durisety, Chandra S.A., “PowerPC 601”, (link is broken) http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~cad12/PowerPC601.ppt “Analysts Show CPU Can Handle Some Signal-Processing Tasks”, Microprocessor Report, May 8, 1995 http://www.bdti.com/articles/info_articles.htm