1. The Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Materials -Have a basic understanding of the mechanisms of creep -Know about stress exponents and activation energies and how to obtain them from experimental data -Be familiar with a particular set-up for experimental study of the creep characteristics of a polymer material -Begin to understand why materials need to be designed to minimize creep

2. Background For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships, and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design. Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.

3. Creep occurs faster at higher temperatures. Introduction However, provided the temperature is relatively high, plastic deformation can occur even when the stress is lower than the yield stress. This deformation is time-dependent and is known as creep. When material is subjected to a stress that is greater than or equal to its yield stress, the material deforms plastically. When the stress is below this level, then in principle it should only deform elastically

4. During loading under a constant stress, the strain often varies as a function of time in the manner shown above Normal Trend of Creep Behavior

5. Purpose of the Experiment The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of a polymeric material at a constant strain rate on the home-made tension testing machine.

6. Creep of other metals As a general rule, creep starts to become significant when the homologous temperature is greater than 0.4. Most metals do not suffer from creep at room temperature, since they have much higher melting points than solder. However, creep can still be a major concern when designing metallic components that have to function at high temperatures. An example of one such engineering challenge is in the design of turbine blades for use in jet engines. The blades in these enginescan be exposed to hot gases at up to about 1400°C. They are also under stress, as a result of the high centrifugal forces. These blades must withstand this environment without excessive creep, which would cause them to strike the turbine enclosure.

7. Tensile Testing Machine Teacher The experiment is actually performed using a tensile testing machine.

9. Different Teacher

10. Do Not Disturb! Testing Going ON Teacher

11. Before Load- Sample speciment me asured in 100 th of an inch. Lo =445 parts of an inch After Load for a duration of 10 minutes- Sample speciment demonstrated effects of plasticity and elasticity. There was unnoticeable permanent deformation after cooling down from 149.2 F.

12. Before Load- Sample speciment me asured in 100 th of an inch. Lo =430 parts of an inch After Load for a duration of 30 minutes- Sample speciment demonstrated effects of plasticity and elasticity. There was noticeable permanent deformation after cooling down from 149.2 F.

13. Creep Behavior

14. What Makes Composite Materials Very Unique & Supernatural? Viscoelastic Analysis of Composite Materials Dr. Anastasia Muliana Ph. D, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2004 M.S., Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, August 1999 B. S., Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, October 1997, cum laude

15. What does this all mean? Viscoelastic Phenomena All materials exhibit some viscoelastic response. Time dependent Properties change with increasing or decreasing temperature

16. Characteristics of thermo-mechanical and long-term behaviors of multi-layered composite materials E-glass/Polyester pultruded composite material tested (tensile) Measuring at 20%, 40%, and 60% ultimate tensile strength Temperature: 0º F to 150 º F Off-axis angle ( Ɵ ) of fiber: 0º, 45º,90º

17. Creep and Relaxation strain time ϭ stress time ɛ ϭɛ stressstrain Creep Relaxation time

18. Classroom Experiment Composite materials Viscoelastic behavior Tensile Force Applied Varying Temperatures Measuring devices Microsoft Excel TI-83/TI-84 graphing calculator TI-CBL 2 System Dial tool used in machine shops Thermometer Digital Clock

19. Viscoelastic Creep

21. Acknowledgements & Credits