1. Chapter18 Microbial Models The genetics of Virus and Bacteria

2. The Genetics of Virus  Researchers discovered virus by studying a plant disease  A virus is a genome enclosed in a protective coat  Phage reproduces using lytic or lysogenic cycle  Animal virus are diverse in their modes of infection and reproduction  Plant virus are serious agriculture pests  Viroid and prion are infectious agent even simpler than virus  Viruses may have evolved from other mobile genetics elements

3. Figure 18.1 Comparing the size of a virus, a bacterium, and a eukaryotic cell

4. 1883 Adolph Mayer Tobacco Mosaic Virus-- contagious 1890 Dimitri Ivanowsky Bacteria makes filterable toxins 1897 Martinus Beijerinck Infectious agent in the filtered sap could reproduce and cannot inactivate by alcohol 1933 Wendall Stanley Crystallized the TMV particle

5. Figure 18.9x Tobacco mosaic virus Rod shape > 1000 molecules

6. Figure 18.02x1 Adenovirus  Infect respiratory tract  252 identical protein  polyhedral

7. Capsid Protein shell that encloses the viral genome Capsomere Capsid build from a large number of protein subunit Viral envelope Membrane cloaking the capsid, derived from host cell

9. Figure 18.3 A simplified viral reproductive cycle  Limited host range  Identify host by lock-and-key  Virus of eukaryotic are tissue specific  Uses host DNA polymerase to synthesize genome

10. Lytic cycle A phage reproductive cycle that culminate in death of host cell, bacteria lyse, phages release

11. Figure 18.4 The lytic cycle of phage T4

12. Figure 18.5 The lysogenic and lytic reproductive cycles of phage, a temperate phage

13. Figure 18.02x2 Phages

14. Table 18.1 Classes of Animal Viruses, Grouped by Type of Nucleic Acid

15. Figure 18.6 The reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus

16. Figure 18.7 HIV, a retrovirus

17. Three process for emergence of viral disease: 1.Mutation of existing virus i.e.. High mutation of RNA virus flu virus 2. Spreading existing virus from one host to another i.e.. SARS, Hanta virus 3. Dissemination of viral disease from a small isolated population I.e. AIDS

18. Figure 18.7x1 HIV infection

19. Figure 18.7x2 Couple at AIDS quilt

20. Figure 18.x1 Smallpox

21. Figure 18.x2 Measles

22. Figure 18.x3 Polio

23. Figure 18.x4 Hepatitis

24. Figure 18.x5 Influenza epidemic

25. Figure 18.8 Emerging viruses Ebola virus Hemorrhagic fever

26. Figure 18.8x Deer Mouse Hanta virus

27. Figure 18.x6 Herpes

28. Plant virus mostly are RNA virus Two major route to spread virus: 1.Horizintal transmission a plant infect from external source of the virus I.e wind, chilling, injury, insects bite……… 2. Vertical transmission inherit the viral infection from a parent

29. Figure 18.9 Viral infection of plants

30. Viroid Naked circular RNA Replicate by using host enzyme Cause error in regulatory system and control plant growth

31. Figure 18.10 A hypothesis to explain how prions propagate 1997 Stanley Prusiner Prion Infectious protein Mad cow disease; degenerative in brain

32. Virus may have evolved from mobile genetic elements 1.Plasmids Circular DNA separate from genome 2. Transposon DNA fragments that move from one location to another

33. The Genetics of Bacteria  The short generation span of bacteria helps them adapt to changing environments  Genetic recombination produces new bacterial strain  The control of gene expression enables individual bacterial to adjust their metabolism to environmental change

34. Bacterial genome d.s circular DNA DNA localized in the nucleoid region Divide by binary fission

35. Figure 18.11 Replication of the bacterial chromosome

36. Figure 18.x7 E. coli

37. Figure 18.x8 E. coli dividing

38. Figure 18.x9 Bacterium releasing DNA with plasmids

39. Figure 18.x10 Plasmids Plasmids Small circular, self replicating DNA

40. Figure 18.12 Detecting genetic recombination in bacteria

41. Different process bring bacterial DNA from different individuals: 1.Transformation uptake of naked, foreign DNA from surrounding i.e. uptake of pathogenic pneumonia DNA from broken bacteria pieces 2. Transduction DNA transfer process by bacterial phage

42. Figure 18.13 Transduction (Layer 1)

43. Figure 18.13 Transduction (Layer 2)

44. Figure 18.13 Transduction (Layer 3)

45. Figure 18.13 Transduction (Layer 4)

46. 3. Conjugation Direct transfre of genetic materials between two bacterial donar: male receiver: female

47. Figure 18.14 Bacterial mating

48. Plasmids  Small circular, self replicating DNA  Incorporate reversible into bacterial genome  Episome exist as plasmids or in bacteria genome

49. F plasmid Required for sex pili Hfr cells( high frequency of recombination) F factor integrate into bacterial chromosome R plasmid Plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance gene

50. Figure 18.15 Conjugation and recombination in E. coli

54. Transposon( jumping gene) A transposable genetic element Movement occur only when recombination of transposon and target site occur

55. Figure 18.16 Insertion sequences, the simplest transposons

56. Figure 18.17 Insertion of a transposon and creation of direct repeats

57. Figure 18.18 Anatomy of a composite transposon  Include extra genes beside insertion sequence  Helps bacterial adapt to the new environment

58. Figure 18.19 Regulation of a metabolic pathway

59. Figure 18.20a The trp operon: regulated synthesis of repressible enzymes

60. Figure 18.20b The trp operon: regulated synthesis of repressible enzymes (Layer 1)

61. Figure 18.21a The lac operon: regulated synthesis of inducible enzymes

62. Figure 18.21b The lac operon: regulated synthesis of inducible enzymes

63. Figure 18.22a Positive control: cAMP receptor protein

64. Figure 18.22b Positive control: cAMP receptor protein

65. Figure 18-22x cAMP

66. Bacterial and viral growth curves

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