2. ME-250ME-250 Introduction to the Recording Studio and Music Industry

3. What is the Music Industry?  A multi-billion dollar industry encompassing a wide range of professions, including creative artists as well as numerous service-oriented, legal and financial jobs.  Companies can range from single entrepreneurs to large multi-national corporations.  A multi-billion dollar industry encompassing a wide range of professions, including creative artists as well as numerous service-oriented, legal and financial jobs.  Companies can range from single entrepreneurs to large multi-national corporations.

4. A Few Jobs in the Music Industry…  Recording/Performing Artist - “face” of the project  Record Producer - responsible for all aspects of project  Musician - plays an instrument  Sound Engineer - responsible for the technical aspect - live sound, recording, mixing, mastering  Recording/Performing Artist - “face” of the project  Record Producer - responsible for all aspects of project  Musician - plays an instrument  Sound Engineer - responsible for the technical aspect - live sound, recording, mixing, mastering

5. Other Jobs…  Composer - writes/orchestrates/arranges music  Songwriter - writes songs - “tunesmith”  Lyricist - writes the lyrics  Artist Management  A&R – Artist & Repertoire: “talent scout”  Promoter  Music Educator - teaches music  Music Therapist - medical/therapeutic uses for music  Doctor  Lawyer  Marketing  Mailroom guy (or gal), Receptionist, Runner, Assistant, etc. etc. etc.  Composer - writes/orchestrates/arranges music  Songwriter - writes songs - “tunesmith”  Lyricist - writes the lyrics  Artist Management  A&R – Artist & Repertoire: “talent scout”  Promoter  Music Educator - teaches music  Music Therapist - medical/therapeutic uses for music  Doctor  Lawyer  Marketing  Mailroom guy (or gal), Receptionist, Runner, Assistant, etc. etc. etc.

6. Highlights of Music Recording Technology  1877 – wax cylinder phonograph (Edison)  1888 – lateral-cut disc (Berliner)  1924 – electrical recording (Western Electric)  1930’s – experiments in stereo (Blumlein, Bell Labs)  1940’s – magnetic tape (Ampex)  1948 – LP introduced (CBS); EP introduced (RCA)  1958 – stereo LP introduced (RCA)  1964 – Studer J37 4-track recorder  1965 – cassette introduced  1970’s – first commercial digital audio recordings  1982 – CD introduced  1983 – MIDI introduced  1991 – ProTools introduced  1991 – World Wide Web becomes publicly accessible  1997 – DVD introduced  2006 - Blu-ray disc introduced  1877 – wax cylinder phonograph (Edison)  1888 – lateral-cut disc (Berliner)  1924 – electrical recording (Western Electric)  1930’s – experiments in stereo (Blumlein, Bell Labs)  1940’s – magnetic tape (Ampex)  1948 – LP introduced (CBS); EP introduced (RCA)  1958 – stereo LP introduced (RCA)  1964 – Studer J37 4-track recorder  1965 – cassette introduced  1970’s – first commercial digital audio recordings  1982 – CD introduced  1983 – MIDI introduced  1991 – ProTools introduced  1991 – World Wide Web becomes publicly accessible  1997 – DVD introduced  2006 - Blu-ray disc introduced

7. Stages of Making a Record  Pre-production  Writing/arranging/rehearsing songs  The “Demo”  Planning/preparation  Production/Post-Production  Recording  Editing  Mixing  Mastering  Duplication/Distribution/Sales  Methods of distribution – physical vs. virtual  Marketing and promotion  Touring  Merchandise  Licensing  Pre-production  Writing/arranging/rehearsing songs  The “Demo”  Planning/preparation  Production/Post-Production  Recording  Editing  Mixing  Mastering  Duplication/Distribution/Sales  Methods of distribution – physical vs. virtual  Marketing and promotion  Touring  Merchandise  Licensing

8. Legal Stuff  Copyright - ownership of intellectual property (IP)  An idea “Fixed in a tangible medium of expression”  Publishing - selling and marketing (exploitation) of IP  Licensing - use of IP  Print – Sheet Music  Synchronization – Visual Media (TV and Movies)  Mechanical – Sound recordings  Performance – broadcast and public performance  Royalties - payment for sales/use of IP  Different Royalties for Different licenses  Recording Artists can only earn mechanical royalties  Points - percentage of profits  Copyright - ownership of intellectual property (IP)  An idea “Fixed in a tangible medium of expression”  Publishing - selling and marketing (exploitation) of IP  Licensing - use of IP  Print – Sheet Music  Synchronization – Visual Media (TV and Movies)  Mechanical – Sound recordings  Performance – broadcast and public performance  Royalties - payment for sales/use of IP  Different Royalties for Different licenses  Recording Artists can only earn mechanical royalties  Points - percentage of profits

9. How it works (sort of…)  Songwriter & Lyricist write song and own the copyright; Songwriter assigns copyright to Publisher to exploit, splitting the royalties with the publisher  Publisher shops song to TV or movie producers and record labels; issues a license to use the song – i.e. they could sell a mechanical license to a record label or a synchronization license to an ad agency for use in a commercial  Record Label obtains a mechanical license and uses a Recording/Performing Artist to create, market and distribute a recording of the song. Typically, the label owns the Sound Recording Copyright  Performing Rights Organization issues license to “perform the song in public” (i.e. radio broadcast, live performance, MUZAK)  Radio Stations and other “music users” obtain licenses to use the catalog of Performing Rights Organizations to attract listeners so that they can sell air time to advertisers  Songwriter & Lyricist write song and own the copyright; Songwriter assigns copyright to Publisher to exploit, splitting the royalties with the publisher  Publisher shops song to TV or movie producers and record labels; issues a license to use the song – i.e. they could sell a mechanical license to a record label or a synchronization license to an ad agency for use in a commercial  Record Label obtains a mechanical license and uses a Recording/Performing Artist to create, market and distribute a recording of the song. Typically, the label owns the Sound Recording Copyright  Performing Rights Organization issues license to “perform the song in public” (i.e. radio broadcast, live performance, MUZAK)  Radio Stations and other “music users” obtain licenses to use the catalog of Performing Rights Organizations to attract listeners so that they can sell air time to advertisers

10. Organizations to know

11. RIAARIAA  - “The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is the trade group that represents the U.S. recording industry. Its mission is to foster a business and legal climate that supports and promotes our members' creative and financial vitality. Its members are the record companies that comprise the most vibrant national music industry in the world…In support of this mission, the RIAA works to protect intellectual property rights worldwide and the First Amendment rights of artists; conduct consumer industry and technical research; and monitor and review state and federal laws, regulations and policies. The RIAA also certifies Gold®, Platinum®, Multi-Platinum™, and Diamond® sales awards” Source: www.riaa.com  - “The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is the trade group that represents the U.S. recording industry. Its mission is to foster a business and legal climate that supports and promotes our members' creative and financial vitality. Its members are the record companies that comprise the most vibrant national music industry in the world…In support of this mission, the RIAA works to protect intellectual property rights worldwide and the First Amendment rights of artists; conduct consumer industry and technical research; and monitor and review state and federal laws, regulations and policies. The RIAA also certifies Gold®, Platinum®, Multi-Platinum™, and Diamond® sales awards” Source: www.riaa.com

12. Performing Rights Organizations  “Performing rights organizations… are businesses designed to represent songwriters and publishers and their right to be compensated for having their music performed in public. By securing a license from SESAC, for example, music users (i.e., television and radio stations, auditoriums, restaurants, hotels, theme parks, malls, etc.) can legally play any song in the SESAC repertory. Without a license from a performing rights organization, music users are in danger of copyright infringement. “ - www.sesac.com  “Performing rights organizations… are businesses designed to represent songwriters and publishers and their right to be compensated for having their music performed in public. By securing a license from SESAC, for example, music users (i.e., television and radio stations, auditoriums, restaurants, hotels, theme parks, malls, etc.) can legally play any song in the SESAC repertory. Without a license from a performing rights organization, music users are in danger of copyright infringement. “ - www.sesac.com

13. The Big Three PRO’s  ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers  BMI: Broadcast Music, Inc.  SESAC: Society of European Stage Authors & Composers  ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers  BMI: Broadcast Music, Inc.  SESAC: Society of European Stage Authors & Composers

14. Professional Societies

15. SPARSSPARS  “The SPARS community includes audio recording and mastering facilities, manufacturers, engineers, and multimedia specialists — everyone from single- operator studios to large multi-room facilities. If your business involves music recording, mastering, video, film, industrial or corporate media, advertising, computers, interactive games, forensic audio, studio design, manufacturing, internet audio, education or any allied industry, your colleagues are members of SPARS.”  www.spars.com  “The SPARS community includes audio recording and mastering facilities, manufacturers, engineers, and multimedia specialists — everyone from single- operator studios to large multi-room facilities. If your business involves music recording, mastering, video, film, industrial or corporate media, advertising, computers, interactive games, forensic audio, studio design, manufacturing, internet audio, education or any allied industry, your colleagues are members of SPARS.”  www.spars.com

16. NAMMNAMM  National Association of Music Merchants  “NAMM… is the not-for-profit association that unifies, leads and strengthens the $17 billion global music products industry. Our association—and our trade shows—serve as a hub for people wanting to seek out the newest innovations in musical products, recording technology, sound and lighting. NAMM's activities and programs are designed to promote music making to people of all ages.”  http://www.namm.org/about http://www.namm.org/about  NAMM Show  National Association of Music Merchants  “NAMM… is the not-for-profit association that unifies, leads and strengthens the $17 billion global music products industry. Our association—and our trade shows—serve as a hub for people wanting to seek out the newest innovations in musical products, recording technology, sound and lighting. NAMM's activities and programs are designed to promote music making to people of all ages.”  http://www.namm.org/about http://www.namm.org/about  NAMM Show

17. AESAES  “The Audio Engineering Society…is the only professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology…”  “Technical standards are continually being developed under the auspices of the society. Many of them have since been accepted by international standards organizations as the model for their standards on the same material… “  “Conventions are held annually in the U.S. and Europe….Each meeting has valuable educational opportunities, including a full program of technical papers, seminars and workshops covering current research and new concepts and applications. An integral part of each convention is a comprehensive exhibit of professional equipment.”  AES Journal Source www.aes.org  “The Audio Engineering Society…is the only professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology…”  “Technical standards are continually being developed under the auspices of the society. Many of them have since been accepted by international standards organizations as the model for their standards on the same material… “  “Conventions are held annually in the U.S. and Europe….Each meeting has valuable educational opportunities, including a full program of technical papers, seminars and workshops covering current research and new concepts and applications. An integral part of each convention is a comprehensive exhibit of professional equipment.”  AES Journal Source www.aes.org

18. NARASNARAS  “The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences is known variously as NARAS or The Recording Academy. Established in 1957, The Recording Academy is an organization of musicians, producers, recording engineers and other recording professionals dedicated to improving the quality of life and cultural condition for music and its makers. The Academy is internationally known for the Grammy Awards.” Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences  “The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences is known variously as NARAS or The Recording Academy. Established in 1957, The Recording Academy is an organization of musicians, producers, recording engineers and other recording professionals dedicated to improving the quality of life and cultural condition for music and its makers. The Academy is internationally known for the Grammy Awards.” Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences

19. Trade Magazines  Sound On Sound  Mix  TapeOp  Electronic Musician  Etc., etc.  Sound On Sound  Mix  TapeOp  Electronic Musician  Etc., etc.

20. Secrets for success

21. Persistence - Perseverance  “Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other one thing” - Abraham Lincoln  “Press on. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education alone will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent” -Calvin Coolidge  “Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other one thing” - Abraham Lincoln  “Press on. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education alone will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent” -Calvin Coolidge

22. NetworkingNetworking  “It’s not what you know, it’s who you know” – unknown  “It’s not what you know, it’s who knows you” – Harvey Mackay  It doesn’t matter how good you are or how much you know: If nobody knows that you exist, you will starve to death very quietly  “It’s not what you know, it’s who you know” – unknown  “It’s not what you know, it’s who knows you” – Harvey Mackay  It doesn’t matter how good you are or how much you know: If nobody knows that you exist, you will starve to death very quietly

23. Work ethic - Reputation  We always do our best work, regardless… you are always working for your reputation. This is better than cash in hand because it will determine your future gigs…” -Gary Gottlieb/Paul Hennerich “Recording on the Go”  "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act, but a habit." -Aristotle  “Your career is long and the business world is small. Always act with integrity.” - Joanna Shields  We always do our best work, regardless… you are always working for your reputation. This is better than cash in hand because it will determine your future gigs…” -Gary Gottlieb/Paul Hennerich “Recording on the Go”  "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act, but a habit." -Aristotle  “Your career is long and the business world is small. Always act with integrity.” - Joanna Shields