1. Introduction to Cartography
Maps vs. Globes
General Types of Maps
Standard Map Features
Map Projections
GIS
GPS
Remote Sensing
Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

2. Maps versus Globes
Map: a representation of the world or part of it, in two dimensions
Globe: a 3-D representation of the entire earth surface.
What are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

3. Map Projections
Mathematical method for systematically transforming a 3-D earth into a 2-D map.
Three traditional types:
cyllindrical
conical
planar (azimuthal-zenithal)
Newer Mathematical Projections
Robinson

4. Cartographer’s Dilemma
All maps introduce distortion:
shape (conformance)
size (equivalence)
direction
distance
Maps can be either equivalent or conformal, but cannot emphasize both characteristics.

10. Introduction to Cartography
Maps vs. Globes
General Types of Maps
Standard Map Features
Map Projections
Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

11. General Purpose and Topographic
General Types of Maps
General Purpose and Topographic
Depict the form and relief of the surface and/or general features, such as roads, buildings, and political boundaries.
Thematic
These maps represent the spatial dimensions of particular phenomenon (themes).

12. Thematic Maps
These maps represent the spatial dimensions of a particular phenomenon (theme).
Types:
Isopleth maps - isolines connect points of equal magnitude.
Choropleth map - tonal shadings are graduated to represent areal variations in number or density within a region, usually a formal region.

13. Introduction to Cartography
Maps vs. Globes
General Types of Maps
Standard Map Features
Map Projections
Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps”

14. Map Scale relates distance on map to distance on earth, thus smaller scale represents larger area.
Small Scale
shows large area
1:10,000,000 would represent about 1/2 of U.S. on single page of paper.
Large Scale
shows small area
1:63,360 would represent a small town on a single page of paper.
What is the largest scale map possible?

16. Map Scale - 3 Types

17. Orientation or Direction
North arrow or Compass Rose
European maps of the dark ages, prior to European acceptance (1500’s) of the magnetic compass, were ‘oriented to the east.’ After compass it made more sense to place north at the top during use. N

18. Grid North = very close to true north
Grid North = very close to true north. Used to place grids on maps for archaeology, mines, artillery targeting.

20. Mercator’s Navigation Technique
Gnomonic Projection shows great circles as straight line.
Mercator Projection shows constant compass headings (azimuth) as straight lines.
Rhumb Lines

22. What is GIS? Stands for "geographic information systems"
Definition: a system for the input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic data
a specialized "information system”
information systems are used to work with (manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize) information stored in computer databases
utilizes spatial indexing of information to track what is where on the Earth's surface

23. Elements of a Geographic Information System (GIS)
Database with spatially-coded data (latitude/longitude)
Computer
GIS Application Software (ArcView, ArcInfo, MapInfo)
Video Map Display
Scanners
Digitizer
Plotter/Printer

25. Functions of a Geographic Information System
Site selection
Find density within an area
Catalogue and track spatial data
Land use maps, for example
Network Functions
Street grid navigation
Municipal water supplies, sewers
Hydrology (rivers, streams, lakes)
Consumer Tracking and Marketing

26. Examples of Geographic Information Systems
Google Maps
Google Earth
Zillow.com
National Atlas of the United States

27. Natural Resource GIS

28. High Quality Map Display

29. GPS

32. GPS and GIS are increasingly integrated.

33. Remote Sensing Digital Remote Sensing Multispectral Sensors
visible, radar, infrared, ultraviolet
Digital Image Manipulation
Direct download into GIS systems

34. Photographic Remote Sensing
- aerial photos - camera mounted on airplane takes visible light photographs
- infrared film - sensitive to red end of the light spectrum (crops and plants)

35. Las Vegas, 1972 - infrared LANDSAT

36. Las Vegas, 1992 - infrared LANDSAT

37. How to Lie with Maps Misrepresentation - Propaganda Maps
Selection of Map Features
Orientation
The Authoritative Power of Maps