1. Fish Morphology

2. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia Classification Scheme of the Vertebrates

3. Chordate Characteristics

4. Placoderm (395-345) lamprey & hagfish Ostracoderm (510-=350 mybp) Osteichthyes (395) Chondrichthyes (370) (360)

5. Jaw Development agnathostome gnathostome 1 st appeared 400 mya

6. Basic Anatomy Class Agnatha Possess medial nostril, medial fins, notocord rather than vertebral column 7 or more pr gill pouches present Light sensitive pineal eye Fertilization external Cartilaginous skeleton Lack jaws, paired fins, scales GI track w/out stomach Lampreys and hagfish 100 species

7. Class Agnatha Lamprey ammocoetes

8. Class Agnatha Hagfish

9. Basic Anatomy Class Chondrichthyes Sharks, skates, rays

10. Basic Anatomy Class Chondrichthyes Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth Possesses 5-7 gills Spiral valve intestine Ureoosmotic strategy Electroreception Lateral line No swim bladder Heterocercal tail Relatively unchanged (480 mybp) Sharks, skates, rays

11. Basic Anatomy

13. Class Osteichthyes

14. Basic Anatomy Class Osteichthyes Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum Intestine- simple, no spiral valve Swim bladder Lateral line Homocercal tail Scales- cycloid, ctenoid

15. Basic Anatomy bony fish

16. anus Internal Anatomy

17. Common Measurements

18. Basic Anatomy Latimeria Swim bladder modified to lungs Paired appendages May have given rise to terrestrial tetrapods Bony head Scales and teeth

19. General Life Style Categories a.pelagic cruisers 1.occurring in water column far away from the bottom (benthic) environment 2.often referred to as "blue water" 3.includes tuna, billfish, blue sharks, mackerel sharks (great whites and mako sharks) Fish Adaptations and Life Styles

20. b.demersal 1.bottom-associated fishes, but not usually sitting on the bottom 2.rely on the benthic environment as a source of food, place to reproduce, and/or place of refuge, etc. 3.includes most reef fishes (e.g., butterfly fishes, surgeon fishes, wrasses, parrot fishes, etc.)

21. c.benthic 1.bottom-dwelling fishes that spend the majority of time sitting on the bottom 2.includes flatfishes, lizard fishes, many scorpion fishes, many hawkfishes, gobies, etc.

22. tuna 1 ) fusiform a) = torpedo-shaped b) allows minimal drag while swimming c) best shape for a pelagic cruise Body shape

23. 2)compressed a)laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes & surgeonfishes) b)allows for maneuverability in surge environments c)useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reef d)exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the body as benthic fishes

24. 3)elongated or attenuated a)long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels) b)seen in demersal fish that either hover motionless in the water) c)seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that hide in holes in the reef

25. 4)depressed a)dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes, scorpionfishes & gobies) b)broad ventral surface facilitates resting on the bottom c)seen in many benthic fishes

26. Body Coloration 1)source of color a)pigment color - chromatophores for yellows, reds, oranges, browns, & blacks b)structural color - iridophores (reflection) & light refraction for blues, silvers, & rainbows

27. 2)patterns a)countershading 1)dark blue or black dorsally, white or silvery ventrally 2)results in blue water "camouflage“ 3)observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers

28. b)camouflage 1)matching the background coloration 2)usually involves having irregular dark blotches and spots 3)typically seen in benthic fishes, especially benthic ambush predators (e.g., frogfishes, gobies, & many scorpionfishes) 4)some fishes (e.g., flatfishes) may exhibit rapid color changes in response to different backgrounds

29. b)camouflage 5) matching downwelling light Cookie cutter shark Hatchet fish

30. c)disruptive coloration 1)color pattern breaks up the silhouette of the fish 2)may involve dark bars across the eye and tail region 3)seen in many demersal fishes such as butterfly fishes

31. d)bars and stripes 1)bars are vertical (e.g., manini) 2)stripes are horizontal (e.g., ta'ape) 3)seen frequently in schooling demersal fishes 4)may confuse potential predators by making it difficult to select individual prey from the school

32. e)misdirection 1)false eye spots, etc. 2)observed in many demersal butterfly fishes

33. f)advertising coloration 1)bright, obvious color patterns 2)possible functions a)advertising a cleaning station (e.g., cleaner wrasses) b)advertising a warning (e.g., nohu) c)advertising for mates (e.g., male parrotfishes) Hawaiian cleaner wrasse Nohu

34. g)mimicry 1)imitating other creatures 2)seen in a few demersal and benthic fishes 3)examples a)blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus) mimics cleaner wrasses b)shortnose wrasse mimics Potter's angel which sports a defensive spine

35. g)mimicry 4)leafy sea dragon (Australia)

36. h)uniform red coloration 1)most often observed in deep-dwelling or night active demersal fishes 2)examples include opakapaka, oweoweo, menpachi, & squirrelfishes

37. i)noctural versus diurnal color changes j)male versus female color differences k)juvenile versus adult color differences Bluehead wrasse Dragon wrasse Stoplight parrotfish

39. Fish locomotion

40. T he source of propulsion for virtually all fish comes from: 1.Undulation of the body 2.Paired Fins: Pectoral Pelvic 3.Unpaired Fins: Caudal Dorsal Anal 4.A combination of the above Types of Fins

41. Anguilliform swimming (Undulation)

42. Dorsal & Anal Fin Propulsion

43. Anal Fin Propulsion Black ghost knifefish

44. Pectoral Fin Propulsion

45. Dorsal fin Bowfin Sea horse Knifefish

46. Pectoral Fin Frogfish

47. Walking catfish

48. Mudskipper

49. Sphere Disk teardrop Laminar flow and turbulence Hydrodynamics: Effects of shape on drag

50. Slowest Fish Ewa Blenny 0.5 mph

51. 43.4 mph leaping 68 mph, leaping Blue-fin tuna Sailfin Fastest Fish

52. Tuna- long distance swimmer Snapper- short bursts

56. Countercurrent Exchange

58. Respiratory and Circulatory System

59. Ram Jet Ventilation

60. Buccal Pump Ventilation

62. Feeding Behavior Suction feeding Slingjaw wrasse

63. Inside lateral line canal

64. Swim bladder Large liver and heterocercal tail Fish adaptation to buoyancy in water Buoyancy Compensator Device (BCD)

65. Physostomous Gas Bladder air

66. Rete mirable Physoclist gas bladder

67. Missing in fish that swim fast or change depth rapidly (Tuna) Benthic fish (blennies, hawkfish, stonefish…) Sharks, skates, rays Deep water fish

68. Osmoregulation- the control of the concentration of body fluids. Diffusion- movement of substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration Osmosis- diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

69. Marine Fish: hypoosmotic H 2 O continually leaves body continually drinks seawater excretes salt through gills produces small amts of dilute urine Less salt than external environment

70. Freshwater Fish: hyperosmotic H 2 O continually enters body does not drinks water produces large amts of dilute urine More salt than external environment

71. Shark and Coelacanth: ureoosmotic Maintains high levels of urea and TMAO in blood excretes salt through rectal gland coelacanth

72. Hagfish: ionosmotic nonregulator Seawater concentration = internal concentration

73. Osmolarity- measure of total solutes(dissolved particles) IonsFW m osmol/l SW m osmol/l Na+1470 Cl-1550 Ca++ variable10 Total101000 Osmolarity in Freshwater and Saltwater

74. HabitatNa + Cl - Urea seawatersw478558 hagfish (Myxine)sw537542 lampreyfw12096 Goldfish (Carassius)fw115107 Toadfish (Opsanus)sw160 Crab-eating frog (Rana)sw252227350 Dogfishsw287240354 freshwater rayfw150149<1 coelacanthsw197199350

75. Sensory Systems 1.vision 2.hearing – inner ear; swim bladder amplifies in some fish 3.olfaction – olfactory sacs; taste buds 4.lateral lines of fish – detect vibrations in the water 5.ampullae of Lorenzini (sharks and rays) – sensitive to electric currents 6.geomagnetic sensory system (long distance migration- tuna)

76. Migration 1.Anadromous- salmon a)can return to the same stream in which they hatched b)may use land features, currents, salinity, temperature, the sun or magnetic field to get close to land c)sense of smell d)die after spawning e)young return to the sea 2. catadromous –freshwater eels 3. Extensive migration-anatomical basis for magnetotaxis -- magnitite