1. Lectures in Macroeconomics- Charles W. Upton Exchange Rate Basics

2. 2 The Process Comparative Advantage & Supply and Demand set relative prices of goods Domestic Prices are set via the Quantity Theory The Combination Sets Exchange Rates

3. Exchange Rate Basics 3 An Example

4. Exchange Rate Basics 4 The price of a t-shirt With International Trade –The price of a Music CD, in terms of a T-shirt, the terms of trade, must be the same in both countries. – The price must be between 2 and 5 t-shirts; just what depends on supply and demand –We will assume (so that we can get on with this example) that the actual price is 3:1.

5. Exchange Rate Basics 5 The Market for CD’s Q P Pesos 200 1000 200 150 1001200 S D

6. Exchange Rate Basics 6 The Mexican Market for CD’s Q 4 1000 200 3 1001200

7. Exchange Rate Basics 7 The US Market for T-shirts Q ⅓

8. Exchange Rate Basics 8 The Two Markets Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports

9. Exchange Rate Basics 9 Equilibrium Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports

10. Exchange Rate Basics 10 Equilibrium (Cont) Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports

11. Exchange Rate Basics 11 Equilibrium (Cont) Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports Other Countries, Other Goods

12. Exchange Rate Basics 12 Demand and Supply Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports

13. Exchange Rate Basics 13 Demand and Supply Mexican Demand for CD Imports US Demand for T-shirt Imports We will assume (so that we can get on with this example) that the actual price is 3:1 3p TS = p CD

14. Exchange Rate Basics 14 Determining Exchange Rates Domestic monetary policies in the US mean that CDs cost $15 each. Domestic monetary policy in Mexico means that T-shirts cost 50 Pesos. 3p TS = p CD

15. Exchange Rate Basics 15 Determining Exchange Rates Domestic monetary policies in the US mean that CDs cost $15 each. (T-shirts = $5) Domestic monetary policy in Mexico means that T-shirts cost 50 Pesos. (CDs = 150P) 3p TS = p CD

16. Exchange Rate Basics 16 Determining Exchange Rates Domestic monetary policies in the US mean that CDs cost $15 each. (T-shirts = $5) Domestic monetary policy in Mexico means that T-shirts cost 50 Pesos. (CDs = 150P) 3p TS = p CD $1=10 Pesos

17. Exchange Rate Basics 17 The Process Comparative Advantage & Supply and Demand set relative prices of goods Domestic Prices are set via the Quantity Theory The Combination Sets Exchange Rates

18. Exchange Rate Basics 18 The Process Comparative Advantage & Supply and Demand set relative prices of goods Domestic Prices are set via the Quantity Theory The Combination Sets Exchange Rates But there are numerous ways this process can work out.

19. Exchange Rate Basics 19 Four Scenarios Floating Exchange Rates –Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand

20. Exchange Rate Basics 20 Four Scenarios Floating Exchange Rates Fixed Exchange Rates –The government manages the exchange rate

21. Exchange Rate Basics 21 Four Scenarios Floating Exchange Rates Fixed Exchange Rates Currency Boards –A form of fixed exchange rates

22. Exchange Rate Basics 22 Four Scenarios Floating Exchange Rates Fixed Exchange Rates Currency Boards Monetary Unions –Several nations, one currency

23. Exchange Rate Basics 23 End ©2005 Charles W. Upton. All rights reserved