1. Ubiquitous Computing: The Grand Vision Jason I. Hong

2. Today’s Papers Original vision of ubiquitous computing –What they hoped to accomplish –What they actually accomplished A sci-fi story describing what it might be like to live with ubicomp –Stories as a way of doing a “prototype” without building it –Has to be logically consistent and compelling

3. Rewind Back to the Late 1980s Bad hair was popular Computers expensive Macintosh had just come out Before cell phones cheap Before Internet widespread PC was the only notion of a computer

4. Next Big Thing One of the insights that led PARC to ubicomp:

5. Ubicomp Also a Reaction to Computing Trends at the Time Personal Computer Laptops Dynabooks Knowledge Navigator Virtual Reality

6. Ubicomp Influenced by Philosophy Martin Heidegger’s notion of Ready-to-hand vs Present-at-hand When the mouse is used to complete a task, it is an extension of your body When the mouse runs off the pad or the wire obstructs motion, it becomes consciously present as an artifact in use

7. Ubicomp Influenced by Anthropologists “From atoms to culture” “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” Technology effective when not consciously aware –“I talked to my brother on the phone the other day” –Driving a car

8. Ubicomp Technologies Tabs, Pads, Boards

9. Physical scale matters –Inches –Feet –Yard –Good reason not to switch to metric system?

10. Active Badges Identity + Room level location + Button

11. Active Badges Identity + Room level location + Button Relatively “simple” tech led to lots of apps –Door opens only to right badge wearer (Bill Gates’ house) –Rooms greet people by name –Telephone calls automatically forwarded –Computer terminal can quickly your settings (“Teleporting”) –Automatic diary Having actual hardware let them experiment quickly

12. Some Characteristics of Ubicomp Embed tech into the physical world (“Colonizing”) –New devices leveraging familiar metaphors

13. Some Characteristics of Ubicomp Embed tech into the physical world –New devices leveraging familiar metaphors Push tech into the background, invisible –Analogy to literacy Artificial intelligence not needed Context can be very powerful –Automatic diary, auto door open, call forwarding Lots of very cheap displays (inch, foot, yard) –Lots of new interaction techniques –Waving, writing, walking into rooms

14. The Sal Story “Coffee?” –Coffee machine only knows “Yes” and “No” –No other speech input devices nearby, or can ignore –Coffee machine knows if it has coffee grounds inside “She sees electronic trails that have been kept for her of neighbors coming and going” –Window has some computer vision –Window can also display information

15. The Sal Story “She can see that [her kids] got up 15 and 20 minutes ago” –No plausible deniability for kids anymore! –Possibly sensors in bed, microphones in bedrooms, or location tracking “She wipes her pen over the newspaper’s name, date, section and page number and then circles the quote. The pen sends a message to the paper, which transmits the quote to her office” –How does the pen know who to send to?

16. The Sal Story “[Sal] can press a code into the opener and the missing manual will find itself” –These days would probably be web based “She spots a slowdown ahead and also notices on a side street the telltale green … of a food shop” –Advertiser-based hardware? Install this and 10% off price? –Or somehow configure it? Configure lots of devices?

17. The Sal Story “Sal glances out her windows: a gray day in Silicon Valley… meanwhile it has been a quiet morning at the East Coast office”

18. The Sal Story “The telltale by the door that Sal programmed her first day on the job is blinking: fresh coffee” –End-user programming, how to do this in ubicomp? –Coffee seems to be popular in Silicon Valley –Fresh coffee also popular app at PARC

19. The Sal Story “Sal picks up a tab and waves it to her friend Joe” –Have to be careful of accidental data sharing –How does it know what to share? –How to differentiate if multiple people there? “The two have given each other access to their location detectors and to each other’s screen contents and location” –How to easily configure (an area of research for me) –Would co-workers find this acceptable? Social conventions?

20. The Sal Story “A blank tab on Sal’s desk beeps and displays the word “Joe”… Joe wants to discuss a document with her, and now it shows up on the wall” –These days would probably be initiated via IM –Easy to share data and talk real-time

21. Success of the Ubicomp Project Electronic whiteboards PDAs Local Area Wireless networking Active Badges

22. Stuff We Still Can’t Easily Do Location based services in general Scoreboard – public display that shows custom information depending on who’s there –Sports scores, news, etc Locating lost objects –RFIDs Deployment costs, robustness, economics

23. What’s Missing? Web –Notice no mention of the Internet, wasn’t obvious at time –Makes the paper feel a little dated –Subtle difference in vision: original ubicomp about embedded chips in everything, web services about mass scale Social sciences –Privacy –Really compelling apps

24. What’s Missing? Do laptops still have a future in ubicomp? –Lots of devices and somehow your data gets to them –Laptops still central, but can easily share data How do cell phones fit into the ubicomp picture?

25. Famous Quote There is more information available at our fingertips during a walk in the woods than in any computer system, yet people find a walk among trees relaxing and computers frustrating. Machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs will make using a computer as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods

26. Vinge is well-known sci-fi writer –Story set in year 2020 –Like a low-fidelity prototype –Has to be plausible vision of future Combines lots of tech ideas: –Virtual reality –Digital libraries –Ubicomp Wearable computers Wireless Sensor nets Synthetic Serendipity

27. We will reach a point where the combination of powerful processors, limitless data-storage capacity, ubiquitous sensor networks, and deeply embedded user interfaces will create a bond between human and machine “so intimate that users may reasonably be considered superhumanly intelligent.” - Vernor Vinge Another Vision of Ubicomp

28. Some interesting points –How Google, eBay, FedEx used in future –Not real cyborgs, but close to it Real-time Google Silent messaging –Information overlays on top of real world Pipes, nav arrows, online games in world –Other services Real-world Tivo, Friends of Privacy Very much a male-oriented view of ubicomp Synthetic Serendipity

29. Will wearable computers actually take off? –How to do input? How to avoid accidental input? –Non visual output? Or heads up displays? Synthetic Serendipity Some Questions

30. Will it be harder to differentiate “reality”? –Live in “reality” or a world we created? –A Matrix of our own making? World of Warcraft addiction? How to make cost-effective? –Sensor nets not cheap –Wearable computers not cheap, plus recharging needs –Simple things we can do first? Synthetic Serendipity Some Questions

31. Break up into Four Groups Group #1, Group #2 –“Machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs will make using a computer as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.” –Why are computers so frustrating? –Simple things computers could do to achieve above goal? Group #3, Group #4 –“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” –What other technologies have “disappeared”? –Can ubicomp achieve this goal? Simple ways to start?`

32. Signup Sheet Sign up for: –1 lecture –1 note taking –1 more lecture or note taking –(ie sign up for three things) If not enough slots, then share a lecture slot with someone

33. Original Ubicomp Vision Some Questions Cost –Very expensive infrastructure –Cheaper, intermediate forms of ubicomp? How do things get pushed into background? –Sort of assumes it will just happen Wireless email everywhere Understandability –How to design so people can use things? –What is active? What isn’t? Too optimistic? –Viruses? Phishing? Hackers? –Will anytime access to info help or exacerbate overload?