2. Dr. Sigmund Freud 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939

3. Born in Freiburg in Moravia View of Freiburg

4. Freud’s birthplace

5. Freud and his father, Jakob

6. Freud’s mother, Amalia

7. Early Life 1859: Moves to Leipzig 1859: Moves to Leipzig 1860: Moves to Vienna 1860: Moves to Vienna 3 brothers and 5 sisters 3 brothers and 5 sisters 1865: Enters Leopoldstäter Real-und Obergymnasium, where he is a brilliant student from the outset 1865: Enters Leopoldstäter Real-und Obergymnasium, where he is a brilliant student from the outset 1873: Graduates by passing his exams most impressively 1873: Graduates by passing his exams most impressively 1876: Wins a research grant 1876: Wins a research grant 1877: Joins Ernst Brücke, German physiologist teaching at the University of Vienna 1877: Joins Ernst Brücke, German physiologist teaching at the University of Vienna 1881: Obtains his medical degree 1881: Obtains his medical degree

8. Jakob Freud’s Family, Vienna, 1878

9. Trains at Vienna General Hospital, 1882-1885

10. 1885-1886 Studies in France with French neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot Studies in France with French neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot They work at the mental hospital, the Salpêtrière They work at the mental hospital, the Salpêtrière 1886: Returns via Berlin, where he studies children’s diseases 1886: Returns via Berlin, where he studies children’s diseases Opens private practice Opens private practice Marries Martha Bernays Marries Martha Bernays

11. Jean Martin Charcot

12. Charcot, La Leçon

13. Engagement picture; Martha Bernays

14. 1887-1900 1877: Mathilde born 1877: Mathilde born 1877: Meets Wilhelm Fliess 1877: Meets Wilhelm Fliess 1888: Begins to publish papers 1888: Begins to publish papers 1889: Jean-Martin born 1889: Jean-Martin born 1891: Oliver born 1891: Oliver born 1893: Sophie born 1893: Sophie born 1893: The Alfred Dreyfus affair 1893: The Alfred Dreyfus affair 1895: Anna born 1895: Anna born 1895: Studies on Hysteria, with Breuer 1895: Studies on Hysteria, with Breuer 1896: The word “psychoanalysis” appears in print for the first time 1896: The word “psychoanalysis” appears in print for the first time 1899/1900: The Interpretation of Dreams 1899/1900: The Interpretation of Dreams

15. Wilhelm Fliess

16. Josef Breuer

17. Studies on Hysteria, 1895

18. psychoa'nalysis. Also with hyphen and (rare) as psychanalysis. [ad. F. psychoanalyse (S. Freud 1896, in Rev. Neurologique IV. 166): see psycho- and analysis. Freud earlier used psychische analyse and klinischpsychologische analyse (Neurol. Centralbl. (1894) XIII. 364).] a.A therapeutic method originated by Freud for treating disorders of the personality or behaviour by bringing into a patient’s consciousness his unconscious conflicts and fantasies (which are attributed chiefly to the development of the sexual instinct) through the free association of ideas, analysis and interpretation of dreams and parapraxes, etc., and allowing him to relive them by transference. b. A theory of personality and psychical life derived from this, based on concepts of the ego, id, and super-ego, the conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious levels of the mind, and the repression of the sexual instinct; more widely, a branch of psychology dealing with the unconscious. Oxford English Dictionary

19. The Interpretation of Dreams, 1899/1900

20. 1901-1910 1901/1904: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1901/1904: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 1902: Founds the Psychological Wednesday Society 1902: Founds the Psychological Wednesday Society 1905: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 1905: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 1905: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1905: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1907: Jung first visits Freud’s home 1907: Jung first visits Freud’s home 1908: First International Congress of Psychoanalysts 1908: First International Congress of Psychoanalysts 1909: Little Hans, Rat Man 1909: Little Hans, Rat Man 1910: Publishes more papers 1910: Publishes more papers

21. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 1901

22. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905

23. Karl Jung

24. International Congress of Psychoanalysts, 1911

25. 1912-1918 1912: Founds Imago 1912: Founds Imago 1912:Founds International Journal for Medical Psychoanalysis 1912:Founds International Journal for Medical Psychoanalysis 1912: Break with Jung 1912: Break with Jung 1914: 28 June, Austria’s Archduke Ferdinand and his consort are assassinated at Sarajevo 1914: 28 June, Austria’s Archduke Ferdinand and his consort are assassinated at Sarajevo 23 July: Austria issues ultimatum to Serbia; war follows 23 July: Austria issues ultimatum to Serbia; war follows 4 August: War becomes general. 4 August: War becomes general. Freud’s 3 sons volunteer for the army Freud’s 3 sons volunteer for the army Late in the year Freud’s loses enthusiasm for the war as general slaughter increases. Late in the year Freud’s loses enthusiasm for the war as general slaughter increases. 1915: Publishes several papers 1915: Publishes several papers 1918: War Ends: they stay in Vienna, cold and hungry 1918: War Ends: they stay in Vienna, cold and hungry 1918: Wolf Man 1918: Wolf Man

26. [War] strips us of the later accretions of civilization, and lays bare the primal man ine ach of us. It compels us once more to be heroes who cannot believe in their own death; it stamps strangers as enemies, whose death is to be brought about or desired; it tells us to disregard the death of those we love. “Thoughts for the Times on War and Death,” 1915

27. Freud with sons, Ernest, left, and Martin, right. Salzburg, August 1916

28. The Psychoanalysis of War Neuroses, 1919

29. Trench Warfare, WWI

30. 1920-1929 1920: Daughter Sophie dies in the influenza epidemic 1920: Daughter Sophie dies in the influenza epidemic 1920: Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1920: Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1921: Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1921: Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1923: The Ego and the Id 1923: The Ego and the Id 1923: First operation on his jaw and palate (cancer) 1923: First operation on his jaw and palate (cancer) 1925: Daughter Anna goes to the Conventions 1925: Daughter Anna goes to the Conventions 1926: Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety 1926: Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety 1927: Riots and general strike in Vienna 1927: Riots and general strike in Vienna 1927: The Future of an Illusion 1927: The Future of an Illusion 1929: Completes Civilization and Its Discontents 1929: Completes Civilization and Its Discontents 1929: Stock market crash in New York, October 1929: Stock market crash in New York, October

31. 1930-1936 1930: Freud is awarded the prestigious Goethe prize 1930: Freud is awarded the prestigious Goethe prize 1930: 14 September: Nazis elected to the German Reichstag. Nazis becoming powerful in Austria 1930: 14 September: Nazis elected to the German Reichstag. Nazis becoming powerful in Austria 1931: Threatened collapse of the Austrian Credit-Anstalt, once very powerful. 1931: Threatened collapse of the Austrian Credit-Anstalt, once very powerful. 1932: Einstein and Freud correspond; their letters are published together as “Why War” in March 1933 1932: Einstein and Freud correspond; their letters are published together as “Why War” in March 1933 1932: New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1932: New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany and launches Nazi Regime 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany and launches Nazi Regime 1933, 10 May: Book burnings at Berlin’s Opernplatz; Freud’s writings are included 1933, 10 May: Book burnings at Berlin’s Opernplatz; Freud’s writings are included 1934, 25 July: Attempted Nazi coup fails, but Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered. Kurt Schuschnigg takes over 1934, 25 July: Attempted Nazi coup fails, but Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered. Kurt Schuschnigg takes over 1935: Austria repeals anti-Habsburg laws 1935: Austria repeals anti-Habsburg laws 1936: Freud’s cancer returns; he undergoes major operation 1936: Freud’s cancer returns; he undergoes major operation

32. Why War? Correspondence at the instance of the League of Nations,on the possible prevention of war, published March 1933

33. Nazi book burnings at Berlin’s Opernplatz, 10 May 1933

34. 1938 Freud refuses to believe that Nazis will invade Freud refuses to believe that Nazis will invade 12 February: Schuschnigg visits Hitler 12 February: Schuschnigg visits Hitler 9 March: Schuschnigg announces a plebiscite on Austrian independence 9 March: Schuschnigg announces a plebiscite on Austrian independence 11 March: German ultimatum to Austria. Schuschnigg resigns. The Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart becomes Chancellor. 11 March: German ultimatum to Austria. Schuschnigg resigns. The Nazi Arthur Seyss-Inquart becomes Chancellor. 11 March: Freud enters into his diary: Finis Austriae 11 March: Freud enters into his diary: Finis Austriae 12 March: Anschluss with Germany proclaimed 12 March: Anschluss with Germany proclaimed 13 March: Hitler in Vienna 13 March: Hitler in Vienna 22 March: Anna Freud summoned to the Gestapo, then released 22 March: Anna Freud summoned to the Gestapo, then released 4 June: Freud, his wife, and Anna take train to Paris 4 June: Freud, his wife, and Anna take train to Paris 6 June: They go to London. Moses and Monotheism 6 June: They go to London. Moses and Monotheism 9-10 November: “Kristallnacht” in Nazi Germany 9-10 November: “Kristallnacht” in Nazi Germany

35. Freud and his daughter, Anna, 1916

36. 1939 Freud’s cancer returns. It is inoperable Freud’s cancer returns. It is inoperable Freud closes his practice Freud closes his practice 1 September: Germans invade Poland 1 September: Germans invade Poland 3 September: Britain and France declare war 3 September: Britain and France declare war 21 September: Freud is given injections of morphine by his physician, Max Schur 21 September: Freud is given injections of morphine by his physician, Max Schur 23 September: Freud dies at 3 a.m. 23 September: Freud dies at 3 a.m.

37. Freud’s house in London

38. A Simplified Outline of Freud’s Ideas Complex thought Complex thought Changed and rejected ideas over 50 years Changed and rejected ideas over 50 years Schematic Schematic Structures of the human psyche Structures of the human psyche

39. The elements of the psyche: The Id The Id The Ego The Ego The Superego The Superego

40. The areas of the mind: The Unconscious The Unconscious The Preconscious The Preconscious The Conscious The Conscious

41. The fundamental instinctive drives Eros Eros Thanatos Thanatos

42. An adaptive model of the individual’s relationship with the world, comprising The Pleasure Principle The Pleasure Principle The Reality Principle The Reality Principle

43. A model of the individual’s developmental cycle, comprising the following phases: Oral Oral Anal Anal Phallic Phallic Latent Latent Genital Genital

44. These Systems Are related Are related Are ontogenetic (part of a developmental sequence of the organism Are ontogenetic (part of a developmental sequence of the organism Undergo constant change in the normal life of an individual Undergo constant change in the normal life of an individual Posits a developmental history of the individual based on: Posits a developmental history of the individual based on: Individual and interaction of his/her various developmental forces and sequences Individual and interaction of his/her various developmental forces and sequences The individual is, at the least, dialectically formed The individual is, at the least, dialectically formed

45. The Id A child’s actions at birth are pure manifestations of the two major drives: A child’s actions at birth are pure manifestations of the two major drives: EROS (dominant at this stage) EROS (dominant at this stage) THANATOS, THANATOS, Driven to seek pleasure Driven to seek pleasure In search of immediate satisfaction In search of immediate satisfaction The primary satisfaction it seeks is through its oral area, by putting things in its mouth The primary satisfaction it seeks is through its oral area, by putting things in its mouth The Id: a repository for unconscious, primal drives The Id: a repository for unconscious, primal drives

46. The Ego Develops when the child realizes that it is separate from the world Develops when the child realizes that it is separate from the world Regulates the relationship between the Id and the external world Regulates the relationship between the Id and the external world Conscious sense of self Conscious sense of self Rational monitor Rational monitor Constantly battered by the far stronger forces of the Id Constantly battered by the far stronger forces of the Id

47. The Superego Develops as child matures Develops as child matures Is empowered through major childhood crisis: Is empowered through major childhood crisis: The Oedipal Phase The Oedipal Phase Culture and gender biased Culture and gender biased Works through the development of guilt and anxiety Works through the development of guilt and anxiety The Superego becomes the ally of the Ego The Superego becomes the ally of the Ego Is powered by the Death Principle Is powered by the Death Principle Becomes stronger than it needs to be Becomes stronger than it needs to be Ego must now negotiate among both the Id and Superego, and the real world Ego must now negotiate among both the Id and Superego, and the real world

48. Forces of Instinct The hydraulic analogy The hydraulic analogy Redirected but not obliterated Redirected but not obliterated Sublimation: work, music, cleanliness, civilization Sublimation: work, music, cleanliness, civilization Neurosis Neurosis

49. Freud and Vienna Austrian cultural sphere Austrian cultural sphere Large, compact, industrialized only in 19 th c. Large, compact, industrialized only in 19 th c. Heterogeneous population Heterogeneous population Large Jewish population: Large Jewish population: Talmudic tradition Talmudic tradition Abstract reasoning Abstract reasoning University trained University trained German speaking German speaking Viennese coffee houses Viennese coffee houses Psychoanalysis sprang from medicine, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, classical studies Psychoanalysis sprang from medicine, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, classical studies Slums, ghettoes Slums, ghettoes After WWI After WWI