2. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 Polytechnic University Mechanical Engineering

3. ORIENTATION

4. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Introduction Professor Vikram Kapila Associate Professor Room: RH 508 Phone: (718) 260-3161/3160 E-mail: vkapila@poly.edu

5. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Name: Nathan (Sang-Hoon) Lee Room: RH 514A Phone: (718)260-3783 E-mail: sparknate@yahoo.com

6. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Teaching assistants Name: Isaac Osei Room: RH 514A Phone: (718)260-3783 E-mail: osei-isaac@yahoo.com

7. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Laboratory rule Don’t play –no e-mail checking, chatting, browsing web, listening music, singing, running, etc. Don’t touch any other experiments No food and no drink Keep this room clean and well organized –after experiments, put them in original place with the same original condition Respect each other Maturity Practice safety

8. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Schedule Start Date: July 1, 2002(Monday) End Date: August 16, 2002(Friday) Period: 7 weeks Day: Monday - Friday Time: 10am - 4pm Lunch time: 12:40pm – 1:40pm

9. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

10. Writing lab report Prepare a lab book Write what you learned, what you did, what you needed Do this everyday

11. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Making presentation Show what you learned, what you did for a week on every Friday Use Microsoft power point

12. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE How to make a Presentation Isaac Osei

13. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Five Steps Planning Introduction The Body The Conclusion Questions Presentation Tips

14. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE STEP 1 - Planning Topic/Main Idea Research Structure Audience Time Outline

15. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE STEP 2 - The INTRODUCTION Connection Attention Preview Structure

16. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE STEP 3 - The Body Information Speak Clearly Follow the Outline

17. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE STEP 4 - The Conclusion Reinforce Summarize Conclude

18. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE STEP 5 - Questions Important Prepare ahead of Time Thank your audience

19. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Tips for Maintaining your Audience’s Attention Make your presentation Interactive Share Stories Repetition Humor Never Read Move Around Eye Contact

20. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Ice break Name School Specialty Hobby Goal for this summer program Others

21. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Making groups make 4 groups in total

22. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Lecture 1

23. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE What is current? A flow of charged particles Carried by small negatively-charged particles, called electrons Represented by the symbol I, and is measured in amperes, or 'amps', A. Most often measured in milliamps, mA Like water flow

24. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Water analogy

25. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE What is voltage? Potential difference, or voltage Represented by the symbol V, and is measured in volts, V Like potential energy at water fall

26. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Water analogy

27. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Series connection of cells Each cell provides 1.5 V. Two cells connected one after another, in series, provide 3 V, while three cells would provide 4.5 V

28. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Parallel connection of cells If the cells are connected in parallel, the voltage stays at 1.5 V, but the life of the battery is doubled

29. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE DC and AC A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c The domestic mains provides a constantly changing voltage which reverses in polarity 60 times every second. This gives rise to alternating current, or a.c

30. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Power Supply

31. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Resistor A dissipative element that converts electrical energy into heat Resistors limit current Unit is ohms, 

32. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE resistors of different sizes

33. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE How to read resistor value 1.By color code 2.By digital multi meter(DMM)

34. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE How to read resistor value 1. By color code Resistor value=

35. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Resistance Color code NumberColor 0black 1brown 2red 3orange 4yellow 5green 6blue 7violet 8grey 9white ToleranceColor ±1%brown ±2%red ±5%gold ±10%silver

36. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE example The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4 Second digit is a violet band, making the second digit 7 A red band is 2 Resistor value is

37. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Metric Units and conversions Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or p pico.000000000001 10 -12 n nano.000000001 10 -9 µ micro.000001 10 -6 m milli.001 10 -3. Unit 1 10 0 k kilo 1,000 10 3 M mega 1,000,000 10 6 G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9

38. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE example

39. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Digital multimeter Voltmeter –Parallel connection Ammeter –Series connection Ohmmeter –Without any power supplied Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)

40. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Resistors in series Rtotal=R1+R2 Rtotal=1+1=2kohm

41. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Resistors in parallel

42. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Exercise

43. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Potentiometer Has a adjustable resistance Circular potentiometer Linear potentiometer Use as a position sensor

44. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Potentiometer

45. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Potentiometer

46. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Linear potentiometer

47. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Linear potentiometer

48. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Linear potentiometer

49. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Lecture 2

50. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Capacitors store electric charge consists of two plates of a conducting material separated by a space filled by an insulator measured in units called farads, F

51. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE How to read capacitor value The first two figures give us 10, the third figure gives us 0000, and the letter 10%. We normally express this as 0.1µF

52. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE LED Light-emitting diodes Semiconductor Has polarity

53. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE LEDs

54. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE How to connect LED Requires 1.5~2.5V and 10 miliA To prevent overloading, use resistor(330 ohm)

55. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE breadboard

56. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE breadboard

57. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Digital multimeter A meter is a measuring instrument An ammeter measures current a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points an ohmmeter measures resistance A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument

58. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Digital multimeter Voltmeter –Parallel connection Ammeter –Series connection Ohmmeter –Without any power supplied Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)

59. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE switched range multimeter

60. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Auto ranging multimeter

61. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Ammeter connection Break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the ammeter An ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.

62. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Voltmeter connection The voltmeter is connected in parallel between the two points a voltmeter should have a very HIGH resistance

63. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Ohmmeter connection An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply must take it out of the circuit altogether and test it separately

64. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Lecture 3

65. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE DC signals A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c

66. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE AC signals the voltage levels change with time and alternate between positive values (above the X-axis) and negative values

67. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Sine waves A sine wave has the same shape as the graph of the sine function

68. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Properties of Sine waves Period: T : The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of a repeating waveform Frequency: f : This is the number of cycles completed per second. The measurement unit for frequency is the hertz, Hz

69. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Properties of Sine waves Amplitude: –peak amplitude, V p –peak-to-peak amplitude, V pp –rms amplitude

70. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE What is rms amplitude and why is it important? The rms amplitude is the DC voltage which will deliver the same average power as the AC signal

71. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Properties of Sine waves

72. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Audio signal and noise sound frequencies which can be detected by the human ear vary from a lower limit of around 20 Hz to an upper limit of about 20 kHz A noise signal consists of a mixture of frequencies with random amplitudes

73. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE waveforms of different frequency and amplitude

74. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Function generator

75. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Connection using a BNC lead

76. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Oscilloscope

77. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Oscilloscope

78. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Screen of a oscilloscope

79. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV of a oscilloscope

80. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Basic electronic projects

81. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Micro controller

82. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Summer 2002 projects

83. SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE Summer 2002 projects Biotronics Weather station Mobile robot Automobile Security system