1. 1 Scope of Environmental Impacts Raw Materials Extraction Energy Wastes Chemical Processing Wastes Product Manufacturing Wastes Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Pollution Control Pollution Control Life- Cycle Stages global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidifi- cation ecological harm Human health and ecosystem damage Midpoints Endpoint

2. 2 U.S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97)

3. 3 Efficiency of Primary and Secondary Energy Example Problem 1.3-1 l crude oil to fuel oil is 90% l fuel oil to electricity is 40% l electricity transmission and distribution is 90% l Incandescent light 75 W bulb is 7.2% l Fluorescent light 20 W tube is 27% Determine the efficiency of primary and secondary energy utilization for both incandescent and fluorescent lamps of equal brightness (1200 lumens). Assume the following efficiencies in the energy conversion Lighting accounts for about 20 percent of all electricity consumed in the United States

4. 4 Global Warming and Related Impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Cause and Effect Chain Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/ Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

5. 5 Amount of CO 2 Produced Calculate the amount of CO 2 produced over the lifetime of a 20W compact fluorescent lamp and compare this to a 75W incandescent lamp. Examine the costs. Assume the following:

6. 6 Answer to CO 2 production

7. 7 Stratospheric Ozone and Related Impacts EnergyMaterials Products ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs ozone layer loss increase in uv human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage Cause and Effect Chain Toxics Release Inventory Data Chemical Processing

8. 8 Smog formation and related impacts EnergyMaterials Products NOx and volatile organic substances photochemical oxidation reactions human/ecological damage from O 3 and other oxidants Cause and Effect Chain NOxVOCs 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling VOCs NOx1997 National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous Chemical Processing

9. 9 Acid rain / Acid deposition EnergyMaterials Products SO 2 and NOx emission to air Acidification rxns. & acid deposition human/ecological damage from H + and heavy metals Cause and Effect Chain National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf SO 2 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling 1997 Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous Chemical Processing

10. 10 Human Health Toxicity EnergyMaterials Products Toxic releases to air, water, and soil Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcino- genic & non... RCRA Hazardous Waste EPCRA Toxic Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997 Chemical Processing

11. 11 Risk Assessment: Important Questions (Ch 2) l What are the risks associated with a chemical, manufacturing process, or use of a product? l How is risk quantified by professional risk assessors? l Is risk assessment used by government agencies to regulate industry? (Yes!)

12. Voluntary Risk Natural Disasters Involuntary Risk RISK

13. Sources: MSDS NIOSH IRIS (EPA) ToxNet Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL ), Threshold Limit Value (TLV), No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (RfD), Reference Concentration (RfC) Hazards: Noncarcinogenic www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/pgdstart.html http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/index.html Exposure Hazard Risk =X

14. Sources: IRIS (EPA) ToxNet Slope Factor (SF) Weight of Evidence (WOE) classification Hazards: Carcinogenic Exposure Hazard Risk =X

15. 15 How large a dose causes what kind of effect? Dose/Response Effective Dose (reversible) Toxic Dose (irreversible) Lethal Dose Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall, 1990 Exposure Hazard Risk =X

16. ExposureHazard Human Health & Ecosystem Effects Risk = X Transmission Rate (m 3 /s) Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m 3 ) Duration (s) Risk Assessment – New for ChE’s at start of process

17. 17 l Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in the workplace l Community Exposure- exposure outside the workplace Different modeling approaches and assumptions Exposure Assessment Methodology - Community Exposure 1. Identify all waste stream components and concentrations 2. Estimate release rates to the air, water, and soil 3. Choose proper exposure pathways (through environment) and routes (into humans) 4. Determine exposure concentrations at the point of exposure to humans using measurements or an environmental fate and transport model Exposure Assessment (Ch 6) ExposureHazardRisk=X

18. 18 Exposure Assessment - cont. Multiple pathways are possible Exposure Routes 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Dermal (skin) ExposureHazardRisk=X

19. 19 Risk Characterization Exposure Dose (mg/kg/d) Dose - Response Relationship, Slope Factor (mg/kg/d) -1 Result: # excess cancers per 10 6 cases in the population; 10 -4 to 10 -6 acceptable Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route) Exposure Factors CR = contact rate (m 3 air breathed / day) EF = exposure frequency (days / yr) ED = exposure duration (yr) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days) - 25,550 days for carcinogenic risk Exposure Hazard Risk =X

20. 20 Risk Example Problem

21. 21 Solution for Solvent Selection Example Part A: from high to low risk by Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) SolventVPPEL diethylamine30.125 monomethyl ether1.325 furfuryl alcohol0.150 n-butyl acetate1.3150 methyl ethyl ketone12.1200 ethyl acetate12.6400 Part B: from high to low risk by Vapor Pressure SolventVPPEL diethylamine30.125 ethyl acetate12.6400 methyl ethyl ketone12.1200 monomethyl ether1.325 n-butyl acetate1.3150 furfuryl alcohol0.150

22. 22 Environmental Regulations: the Regulatory Process (Ch 3) Environmental Laws Clean Air Act of 1970 Administrative Agencies US Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Regulations National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Rule Making publish proposed regulations in the Federal Register receive public comment on proposed regulations publish regulations in the Federal Register

23. 23 Environmental Regulations: Changes Over Time Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, McGraw-Hill, 2000 Major Laws/Amendments Environmental Regulations

24. 24 The Manufacture of Chemicals The 9 essential environmental regulations

25. 25 Discharges to Air, Water, and Soil The 9 essential environmental regulations

26. 26 Clean-up, Disclosure, and Pollution Prevention The 9 essential environmental regulations