1. Threading and P/Invoke Tom Roeder CS215 2006fa

2. Finalization Recall C++ destructors: ~MyClass() { // cleanup } called when object is deleted does cleanup for this object Don’t do this in C# (or Java) similar construct exists but only called on GC no guarantees when

3. Finalization More common idiom: public void Finalize() { base.Finalize(); Dispose(false); } maybe needed for unmanaged resources slows down GC significantly Finalization in GC: when object with Finalize method created add to Finalization Queue when about to be GC’ed, add to Freachable Queue

4. Finalization images from MSDN Nov 2000

5. IDisposable and using Idea for common cleanup using(T t = new T()) { // do work with t } // t.Dispose is called by runtime IDispose provides one method: void Dispose() must provide finalizer, since must be called when called from finalizer, don’t undo managed obj often add private void Dispose(bool) using calls Dispose automatically used in class libraries, eg. for Socket

6. Weak References Sometimes want to keep references but not cause the GC to wait MyClass c = new MyClass(); WeakReference wr = new WeakReference(c); Now c can be collected wr will return null if referenced after c collected but to truly access the object, we get a strong ref  this is the Target property Why? Useful for large objects infrequently accessed nice to have but can be regenerated

7. Resurrection Imagine assigning this to global in finalizer object is now reachable again! called “resurrection” if finalizer already called, access unpredictable Should not do this but, if do, may want to reject accesses in methods what would this finalize code do: someObj = this; System.GC.ReRegisterForFinalize()

8. System.GC Can control the behavior of GC not recommend in general sometimes useful to give hints Some methods: Add/RemoveMemoryPressure ReRegisterFor/SuppressFinalize WaitForPendingFinalizers Collect

9. Memory Profiles Good lots of small short-lived objects or few but long-lived ones few links between old and new objects Bad frequently create long-lived objects create many objects that live a long but fixed amount of time

10. unsafe mode Sometimes need access to pointers use unsafe modifier: unsafe public void Method(out int* pi) { int i = 10; fixed(int* pj = &i) { pi = pj; } } what is wrong with this method? unsafe modifier works a method modifier or as a keyword for blocks

11. unsafe mode - Pointer details Can only refer to “unmanaged” types or enums or structs composed of unmanaged types Not a subclass of object void* exists, but no arithmetic allowed boxing/unboxing does not work stackalloc gets memory from the stack

12. unsafe mode Cannot be executed in untrusted context security requirement: so can’t change memory eg. avoid stack smashing attacks pointer types cannot refer to a reference cannot refer to a struct that contains references int* pi, pj;// NOT int *pi, *pj;

13. Threading Threading provides concurrent execution Even useful on multiprocessor As opposed to “sequential” execution Comes at cost of overhead Can be dangerous For example public int Increment(ref int x) { return ++x; } What happens when called by two threads? How to fix?

14. Threading How to create a Thread Create a new Thread instance with delegate Type: public delegate void ThreadStart(); Call Start method Let’s do an example on the board Thread will be scheduled when possible on SMP, may actually have many threads at once on UP, still may be useful when blocked as in UI, networking code, dealing with drivers

15. Threading Need synchronization primitives Way to ensure that only one thread executes code in a region at once Called “critical section” C# provides (mostly in System.Threading) lock statement Monitor class Interrupt several others (see Birrell’s paper or MSDN)

16. Threading model: lock Basic idea: each object has a lock public int Increment(ref int x) {lock(this) return ++x;} lock prevents more than one thread from entering forces sequential order What should we lock on? for instance variables: this for globals and statics: typeof(container) something that will be same for all threads that access this shared memory

17. Threading model: Monitor Monitors provide synchronization construct entry waits on a queue waiting lets a new thread enter Monitor.Enter and Monitor.Exit same semantics as the lock construct Why do we need both? Gets a lock on the object Cannot be used on value types: why not?

18. Threading model: Monitor Methods Monitor.Enter/Monitor.Exit enter/exit the monitor for a given object Monitor.Wait wait on a given object must be inside a monitor for that object signal-delayed semantics Monitor.Pulse/Monitor.PulseAll some thread(s) can be released to try the monitor

19. Threading model: Interrupt Sometimes need to wake up a thread eg. if UI cancelled eg. if event no longer needed Standard OO way: exceptions Interrupt causes thread to throw ThreadInterruptedException only on Wait or Sleep Allows cleanup of invariants

20. Other synchro classes Abort throws exception immediately difficult to clean up: Why? usually too draconian Mutex and other synchronization good for interacting with Windows but stick with lock and Monitor, normally ReaderWriter Locks not clear exactly what semantics they implement

21. Threading model: ThreadPool Instead of explicitly creating threads create a pool pass delegates to worker threads enqueued in pool QueueUserWorkItem takes a WaitCallback delegate Good for large amounts of parallel work eg. N-Body problem automatically scales to number of processors “embarrasingly parallel” problems

22. Threading Conclusions Standard monitor semantics as in Java useful constructions OS synchronization exposed native ThreadPool Really only need lock Monitor

23. P/Invoke Use special attributes to make system calls eg. [DllImport(“kernel32”)] static extern int GetProcessHeap(); calls to function in C library problems for C++ name mangling: doesn’t match General problem of COM/.NET interop why does this matter?

24. COM Interoperability Need metadata generated from TypeLib Can then use COM class like.NET class even though major differences in models eg. threading, registration, inheritance useful for backwards compatibility Can bind early or late to class either we know its type at compile time or not

25. Calling a COM Server namespace CallingCOMServer { using System; using COMServerLib; public class DotNET_COMClient {... public static int Main(string[] args) { MyCOMServer myS = new MyCOMServer(); return (myS.Add (17,4)); } };

26. Late-Bound Activation Use Reflection to get the type of the class ProgID / ClassID: looked up in registry gives type of COM object Can instantiate instance and call methods uses InvokeMethod to call methods don’t have as strong type information here COM object wrapped by __ComObject can sometimes use as to get better info

27. Late-Bound namespace LateBoundClient { using System.Reflection;... Type typ; Object obj; Object[] prms = new Object[2]; int r; typ = Type.GetTypeFromProgID(„MyLib.MyServer"); obj = Activator.CreateInstance(typ); prms[0] = 10; prms[1] = 150; r = (int)typ.InvokeMember(„aMethod", BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null, obj, prms);... }

28. .NET from COM Needs to be public with public methods Need to register a wrapper: use RegAsm tool provides ProgID/ClassID information for registry necessary for COM integration Metadata must be converted to TypeLibrary Have same early- and late-bound activation early: by name late: by ProgID/ClassID

29. Platform from.NET Calling static functions in DLLs P/Invoke provides services Locates implementing DLL Loads DLL Finds function address Fuzzy name matching algorithm Pushes arguments on stack Performs marshalling Enables pre-emptive garbage collection Transfers control to unmanaged code

30. P/Invoke Example namespace HelloWorld { using System; class MyClass { [dllimport(“user32.dll”, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)] static extern int MessageBox(int h, string m, string c, int t); public static int Main() { return MessageBox(0, "Hello World!", "Caption", 0); } } }

31. P/Invoke Callbacks Unmanaged code can call back to managed code Unmanaged parameter is function pointer Must supply parameter as delegate P/Invoke creates callback thunk Passes address of thunk as callback parameter Managed Code.NET Application Call passes pointer to callback function Implementation of callback function Unmanaged Code DLL DLL function

32. Callback Example public class EnumReport { public bool Report(int hwnd, int lParam) { // report the window handle Console.Write("Window handle is "); Console.WriteLine(hwnd); return true; } }; public class SampleClass { delegate bool CallBack(int hwnd, int lParam); [DllImport("user32")] static extern int EnumWindows(CallBack x, int y); public static void Main() { EnumReport er = new EnumReport(); CallBack myCallBack = new CallBack(er.Report); EnumWindows(myCallBack, 0); } }

33. Managed Extensions for C++ Allows C++ code to be managed by GC/CLR compile with /clr: It Just Works generates MSIL from C++ contains, eg __gc, __box, __typeof, __interface, __property #pragma managed/unmanaged Very useful for native access to C++ libraries build a “managed wrapper” Partial conversion to managed code