1. Psychophysical Interface n Thresholds (plume and landscape) n Judgments of visual air quality n Value assessment

2. Different Kinds of Threshold Calculations

3. The mean square radiance associated with the above equation can be shown to equal where m is the modulation contrast, m=(N m -N b )/(N m +N b ), is the average image radiance, and (1/2) is the mean square radiance fluctuation. Modulation Contrast (mean square radiance is the relative psychophysical variable)

4. Human Visual System Sensitivity

5. Wave Types

6. Sine Wave Grating

7. More complicated one-dimensional images can be represented as weighted sums of light and dark bars of various frequencies and intensities. Mathematically, where N r (x) is the one dimensional image radiance field at an observer image distance r, a o is the average image radiance,, and a n are the weighting factors associated with various sinusoid frequencies n2πf o. The second term,, is the modulation of average image radiance a o. Superposition Principle

8. Equivalent Contrast The mean square radiance associated with the above equation yields Comparison of two mean square radiance equations suggests that the second term in each of these equations can be set equal to each other to yield and

9. Modulation Transfer Function The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentration on a complex scene is The modulation contrast of any sinusoid is then

10. ...and the transfer of modulation contrast is The Equation

11. If the change in scene equivalent contrast is a result of addition or subtraction of atmospheric aerosol, initial and final contrast are related to each other by where M tf is the atmospheric modulation transfer function given by Transfer of Equivalent Contrast

12. The quadratic detection model stated mathematically: Quadratic Detection Model where

13. Cross Section of Haze Layer

14. Power Spectra Without Plume

16. Substituting and solving for M tf yields Modulation Transfer and Equivalent Contrast

17. Proportionality Constant

18. Modulation Transfer Function Surface For a One JNC Change

19. JNC Surface (80% reduction in extinction)

20. Plume Geometry

21. Plume Contrast Calculation

22. Computer Generated Plumes

24. Contrast Level at Threshold of Detection vs. Plume Length and Edge Type

25. Probability of Detection of 0.36 Degree Circular Plume vs. Modulation Contrast

26. Predicted Probability of Detection vs. Modulation Contrast and Plume Width

27. Modulation Contrasts of 3 Plume Types at a 70% Detection Threshold

28. Contrast Level at Threshold of Detection vs. Plume Width

29. Contrast Level at Threshold of Detection of 3 Plume Types vs. Plume Width

30. Sine Wave Grating

31. Thresholds vs Judgments of Visual Air Quality n Perceived Visual Air Quality (PVAQ) n Visual Air Quality Index (VAQI) n Scenic Beauty Estimate (SBE)

32. Perceived Visual Air Quality vs. Particulate Concentration

33. Perceived Visual Air Quality vs. Sun Angle and Sky Conditions

35. Perceived Visual Air Quality vs. Distance to Vista

36. Perceived Visual Air Quality vs. Time of Day

37. La Sals -- 30km

38. Perceived Visual Air Quality vs. Height of Plume

39. Value Assessment of Visual Air Quality n Willingness to pay n Utility function (time and dollars) n Importance value n Visual air quality and behavior n Etc.

40. Utility Function for Visual Air Quality