1. Economic Integration

2. 自由貿易區 EU 1992 整合程度 圖 8.2 區域經濟整合程度 政治同盟 經濟同盟 共同市場 關稅同盟

3. Economic Integration (1/2)  Free Trade Area  All barriers to trade among members removed.  Each country can determine own trade policies toward nonmembers.  Customs Union  Eliminates barriers among members and has a common external trade policy.  Common Market  Eliminates barriers among members, has a common external trade policy, and allows factors of production to move freely between members.

4. Economic Integration (2/2)  Economic Union  No barriers (include goods, services, and factors) among members, common external policy, common monetary and fiscal policy, harmonized tax rates and common currency.  Political Union  Has a coordinating bureaucracy accountable to all citizens.

5. Case for Regional Integration Economic  Allow countries to specialize in products they produce efficiently.  Easier to gain agreement than GATT/WTO.  Role of FDI is enhanced.  Exploit gains from free flow of goods and services and investment. Political  Creates incentive for political cooperation.  Reduces potential for violent confrontation.  Enhanced clout to deal with ‘superpowers’.

6. Impediments to Integration  Although a nation may benefit, groups within a nation may be hurt.  Concerns about national sovereignty.  Debate:  Trade creation.  Trade diversion.

9. 經濟整合重要案例  歐盟  墨西哥受惠於 NAFTA  東協自由貿易區  東協 10 國：汶萊 、柬埔寨 、印尼 、寮國 、 馬來西亞 、緬甸 、菲律賓 、新加坡 、泰 國 、越南 。  東協加一（大陸）  東協加三（大陸 、日本、韓國 ） 東協加三  中國大陸已在 2003 年 7 月與 10 月分別與香港及 澳門簽署「更緊密經濟夥伴關係」 (CEPA) 協定