1. Development of an Interoperable GIS using Canonical Geospatial Concepts and Methods
Sung-Gheel Jang
Tschangho John Kim
Regional Economics Applications Laboratory
Expert Planning Information Systems Laboratory
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
for the 2007 AAG Meeting, San Francisco

2. Jang, S.-G. and Kim, T. J. (2006), “Modeling an Interoperable Multimodal Travel Guide System using the ISO Series of International Standards”. Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, November 10-11, 2006, Arlington, Va., Silvia Nittel and Rolf A. de By (eds.), ACM Press, pp

3. Outline Research Problem and Questions
Canonical Geospatial Concepts and Methods
Proposed Conceptual Modeling Process
Application – Multimodal Travel Guide Service
Implications to GIS Education

4. We need to integrate information across multiple jurisdictions!
NGOs
State DOTs
Decision Maker
Planner
Local
Governments
EPA
EPA

5. Research Questions Interoperable GIS
How can we have the systems share understanding on geospatial information and services unambiguously while operating effectively together?
How can we capture understanding in a formal and rigorous way?
Interoperable GIS
Need for an effective and rigorous conceptual framework

6. Canonical Geospatial
Concepts and Methods

7. Canonical Model Approach
Internationally Consensual Geospatial Concepts

8. ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics
Standardization in the field of digital geographic information
30 International Standards have been published.

9. The ISO 19100 Series of International Standards for Geographic Information
ISO Human
ISO Conceptual
ISO Spatial
Temporal
Language
Schema Language
Schema
ISO Rules for
ISO Feature
ISO Spatial
Referencing
ISO Location by
ISO 19115
Application Schema
Cataloging
Identifier
Metadata
by Coordinates
ISO
ISO Positioning
ISO 19117
ISO 19118
ISO 19119
Metadata - Imagery
Services
Portrayal
Encoding
Services
ISO 19123
ISO Standard
ISO Web
ISO IGCD
ISO Sensor and data models
Coverages
Profiles
Map Services
Framework
for imagery and gridded data
ISO MultiModal
Navigation and
Routing
ISO Data Product
ISO Location Based
ISO Tracking
Specification
Services Reference Model
and Navigation
ISO Procedures
ISO Generally
ISO Moving
for registration
Used Profiles
Features

10. Semantically Coherent Modeling Processes
Concepts in
conceptual
schema
language
Model of
Concepts of
feature and
their
properties
Application
ISO 19100
standardized
schemas
Meta-Meta level
Meta level
Application level
The
General
Feature
Model
Type
definitions
Geographic
Dataset
Data level
Top-level
ontology
Application
Domain

11. (e.g. Transportation planner)
ISO 19100
Standardized
Conceptual
Schemas
Domain Experts
(e.g. ISO/TC 211,
ISO/TC 204, etc.)
(e.g. Transportation planner)
Application
Data Model
(e.g. MTGS)
Canonical
Geospatial
Concepts/
Methods
(e.g. ISO series)
Universe of Discourse
perceived by
formally represented in
employed by
used in
(and/or)
extended in
(e.g. Geographic domain,
Transportation domain, etc.)
Proposed
Conceptual
Modeling Process

12. Intelligent Concierge Service
– Multimodal Travel Guide Service (MTGS)
Home
Office

13. Distributed, Heterogeneous, and Autonomously Maintained Geospatial Information
Taxi
Company
Transit Authority
Multimodal Travel Guide Service
Point of Interests
Information Provider
Traffic Information
Provider
User

14. Conceptual Modeling Processes
Concepts in
conceptual
schema
language
Model of
Concepts of
feature and
their
properties
Application
ISO 19100
standardized
schemas
Meta-Meta level
Meta level
Application level
The
General
Feature
Model
Type
definitions
Geographic
Dataset
Data level
Adopting meta-model of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and creating a UML profile
ISO/TS Conceptual schema language
Expressing Concepts using ISO 19103
ISO Spatial schema
By inheriting TP_Complex in ISO 19107
By inheriting NT_Network in ISO 19133
By combining MM_SingleModeNetwork in ISO 19134
How can we model Multimodal Network for MTGS? (Application Level Data Model)

16. MTGS Application Data Model (Part)

17. MTGS Application Data Model (Part)
From ISO 19134

18. UML Application Data Model MTGS Application Data Model in XMI
GML Application Data Model
GML: Geography Markup Language

19. Route Request Information
UML
GML Instance Representation
<mtgs:MTGS_RouteRequest> <mtgs:routeRequestType> mtgs:NS_RouteRequestTypeType </mtgs:routeRequestType> [1..*]
<mtgs:transportationMode> mtgs:MM_TransportationModeTypeType </mtgs:transportationMode> [1..*]
<mtgs:wayPointList> mtgs:MTGS_WayPointListPropertyType </mtgs:wayPointList> [1]
<mtgs:departureTime> gml:TimePeriodPropertyType </mtgs:departureTime> [0..1]
<mtgs:arrivalTime> gml:TimePeriodPropertyType </mtgs:arrivalTime> [0..1]
<mtgs:costFunction> mtgs:NS_CostFunctionCodeType </mtgs:costFunction> [0..1]
<mtgs:preferences> mtgs:NS_RoutePreferencesType </mtgs:preferences> [0..*]
<mtgs:returnRouteInstructions> boolean </mtgs:returnRouteInstructions> [1]
<mtgs:returnRouteGeometry> boolean </mtgs:returnRouteGeometry> [1]
</mtgs:MTGS_RouteRequest>

20. Route Response Information
UML
GML Instance Representation
<mtgs:MTGS_RouteResponse> <mtgs:request> mtgs:MTGS_RouteRequestPropertyType </mtgs:request> [1..*]
<mtgs:route> mtgs:MTGS_RoutePropertyType </mtgs:route> [0..*]
<mtgs:instructionList> mtgs:MTGS_InstructionListPropertyType </mtgs:instructionList> [0..*]
</mtgs:MTGS_RouteResponse>

21. MTGS Route (UML)

22. MTGS Route Represented by GML Instances
GML Instance Representation
<mtgs:MTGS_Route> <gml:metaDataProperty> ... </gml:metaDataProperty> [0..*]
<gml:description> ... </gml:description> [0..1]
<gml:name> ... </gml:name> [0..*]
<gml:boundedBy> ... </gml:boundedBy> [0..1]
<mtgs:maximalComplex> gml:TopoComplexMemberType </mtgs:maximalComplex> [1]
<mtgs:subComplex> gml:TopoComplexMemberType </mtgs:subComplex> [1..*]
<mtgs:superComplex> gml:TopoComplexMemberType </mtgs:superComplex> [1..*]
<mtgs:element> mtgs:MM_SingleModeJunctionPropertyType </mtgs:element> [1..*]
<mtgs:geometry> [1] <gml:CompositeCurve> ... </gml:CompositeCurve> [0..1]
</mtgs:geometry>
<mtgs:link> mtgs:MM_SingleModeLinkPropertyType </mtgs:link> [0..*]
<mtgs:turn> mtgs:MM_SingleModeTurnPropertyType </mtgs:turn> [0..*]
<mtgs:mode> mtgs:MM_TransportationModeTypeType </mtgs:mode> [1]
<mtgs:summary> mtgs:MTGS_RouteSummaryPropertyType </mtgs:summary> [1]
<mtgs:tripScheme> mtgs:MTGS_TripSchemePropertyType </mtgs:tripScheme> [1..*]
<mtgs:maneuver> mtgs:MTGS_ManeuverPropertyType </mtgs:maneuver> [1..*]
</mtgs:MTGS_Route>

23. System Architecture of MTGS
Participating
System A
WFS
Multimodal Travel Guide System (MTGS)
GetGMLObject( )
MTGS GML Instances
WFS Client Interface
Business Logics
e.g. Transit Authority
MTGS
Manager
Data
Integrator/
Optimizer
Request
integrate
Response
filter
query
write
read
return
GetGMLObject( )
Routing
Engine
Data
Store
refer
GML
Parser
query
MTGS GML Instances
Participating
System B
WFS
Extended WFS Interface
return
Request / Response
e.g. Traffic Information
refer B C
Route Response
(MTGS GML Instance)
GetRoute() via the WFS interface
MTGS Clients
Local
Schema
MTGS
Application
Schemas
Translator
WFS: Web Feature Service

24. Fetching the component networks from the participating systems

25. Interoperable GIS Taxi Company Transit Authority
Multimodal Travel Guide Service
Point of Interests
Information Provider
Traffic Information
Provider
User

26. Multimodal Travel Guide Service (MTGS)
Home
Office
A Proof-of-Concept System

27. Now – Different formats and standards
Different Semantics
Proprietary Software
Decision Maker
Planner
Versions of Software
Data Structures

28. Interoperable Geospatial Information Processing
NGOs
State DOTs
Decision Maker
Planner
Local
Governments
EPA
EPA

29. Implications to GIS Education
GIS standards as cross-cutting theme in GIS education: GIS & T Body of Knowledge (UCGIS 2006)
scale; error and data quality; uncertainty; metadata; interoperability; generalization; quality measurement; history and trends; and standards
Model curricula of UCGIS includes GD12 – Metadata, standards, and infrastructure
Not enough to keep up the fast changes of GIS & T

30. Four Recommendable Areas in GIS Education
Formalizing methods for the concepts of geographic information
Reference model (ISO 19101, ISO 19132)
Conceptual schema language (ISO/TS 19103), UML
Rules of application schema (ISO 19109)
Formal concepts of geographic information
Spatial schema (ISO 19107, ISO 19137)
Temporal schema (ISO 19108)
Metadata (ISO 19115)
Imagery and gridded data (ISO/TR 19121)
Coverage geometry and functions (ISO 19123)
Location based services (ISO 19133, ISO 19134)
Moving features (ISO 19141)
Cataloguing methods
Methodology for feature cataloguing (ISO 19107)
OpenGIS Catalogue Service (OGC r3)
Web-based GIS
Web Map Service (ISO 19128)
Web Feature Service (ISO 19142, OGC )
Filter encoding (ISO 19143, OGC )
Web Coverage Service (OGC r6)
Web Service Common (OGC c1)
Geography Markup Language (ISO 19136, OGC r4)

31. Thank you for your attention!
Any questions or suggestions?