1. Adolescent Mothers: Intention to Continue in High School By Jeanette Koshar RN, NP, PhD and 101 amazing young mothers

2. Problem  Beyond the demographics we aren’t really clear about why adolescent mothers stay in school or drop out after they have their babies  Demographics: Age, ethnicity, poor GPA, previous school problems, low SES

3. Significance  Over 400,000 babies are born to adolescent mothers each year in the US  56% of adolescent mothers with one child are able to graduate from high school  Dropping out of school impacts the health of mother/child, < employment opportunities, < wages over their lifetimes

4. Purpose of Literature review??

5. Purpose of Literature Review  Do we know why pregnant teens stay in school or drop out?  Is there a theory that might help us “predict” if they will stay in school?  Does staying in school have a positive effect for the teen mother and her child?

6. Purpose  To identify factors which influence her decision to continue in high school after the birth of her child  Understand the determinants of their intentions to continue in school

7. PICO  P: Adolescent mothers in special public teen parent HS programs  I: Higher Intention to stay in school  C: Lower intention to stay in school  O: Postpartum school attendance

8. PICO (etiology)  Are pregnant teens (P) who intend to continue in school (I) more likely to attend school PP (O) compared with pregnant teens (P) who have less intention of continuing in school (C)?

9. How was study conducted?  IRB approval/informed consent  Pregnant teens in teen mother HS programs filled out questionnaires within 6 weeks of expected birth  Measured # of days they were in school postpartum

10. What kind of quantitative study is this?  Is there an intervention?  Is there a control group?  Is this study longitudinal?  So… what kind of study??

11. Methodology  Is there an intervention? No!  Is there a control group? No!  Is this study longitudinal? Yes!  So… what kind of study?? Prospective cohort study

12. Study Variables  Are pregnant teens who intend to continue in school more likely to attend school PP compared with pregnant teens who have less intention of continuing in school?  Independent variables: ?  Dependent variables: ?  Are they truly IVs and DVs: ?  What makes us think there is any connection between the IVs and DVs?

13. Theory of Planned Behavior

14. Developmental Theories  Cognitive (Piaget and Elkind): future orientation & egocentrism  Psychosocial (Erikson): Identity formation How does cognitive & psychosocial development influence decision making?

15. Assumptions being made???

16. Assumptions  Why would there be a connection between the IVs and the DVs?  Do people do what they think they will do?  Why do I care?  What does the theory tell you about the researcher?

17. Participants: Why do we care? Pregnant teens in special teen programs Demographics: age, ethnicity, grade in school, previous GPA, school/grade lag. Couldn’t get SES

18. Criteria to be in the study o Informed consent: At 6/7 sites the got school credit o What kind of sample is this? o Inclusion criteria?? o Exclusion criteria??

19. Why does it matter who is in and who is out? o Inclusion: can read English, currently in a program, in 10 th -12 th grades, ages 15-18, no other kids, plans to keep infant o Exclusion: twins, no PN care, not in school now, will graduate before birth

20. Effect Size and Power Analysis  Do you think there is a strong connection between attitude, social norms, perceived control, intention and if a student returns to school?  How many variables are in the study and how many questions in the questionnaire?  How many participants do I need?

21. Max-Min-Con Principle: Does the DV change because of the IV? o Maximize the experimental variance o Minimize the error variance o Control the extraneous variance.

22. How will I know if the TPB concepts predict going to school?

23. Stay tuned for next week when we do stats!